Notes and Information for MacArthur Students

                                           Basic Information about Continents and Countries Every Person Should Know
Characteristics of Continents                                                       Characteristics of Countries
1. Normally, continents are surrounded by water.                            1. There are hundreds of countries on Earth.
2. Continents are large areas of land. (They are big)                         2. Normally, there are many countries in a continent.
3. There are 7 continents.                                                                         3. Each country has a government. (This means, each 
                                                                                                                         country has leaders and a method to choose them).
 

Ancient Civilizations

Pledge of Allegiance and  Prehistory 
1. What is another word for allegiance?              Loyalty
2. What is another word for pledge?            Promise
3. What is another word for fairness?            Justice
4. What is a government where citizens vote for leaders and the leaders make the laws?                         Republic
5. What does prehistory mean? It is the time before writing.
6. What do we call ancient people who had no permanent homes but who followed and hunted animals?                        Nomads
7. Name one animal early man hunted that was 11 feet high and weighed over 6 tons.                                                 Woolly Mammoth
8. What early animal did nomads hunt that is now extinct?            Woolly Mammoth
9. When did prehistory end? It ended about 3000 B.C., when Sumerians created cuneiform.
10. When did woolly mammoths live?            Prehistoric Times
 More Basics

1. A century means 100 years.
2. B.C. means Before Christ.
3. A.D. means In the Year of our Lord.
4. What do we call the time before writing? Prehistory
5. Do scientists know or think when humans began? They think.
6. Name a prehistoric building monument in Great Britain?  Stonehenge
7. Name a prehistoric people who lived in Central and Eastern Europe: Celts
8. What is a pagan? It is a person who believes in many gods.
9. Where did scientists find the oldest humanlike creatures? Africa
10. How long ago did the last Ice Age end?  10,000 years ago

 Ice Age
1. When did the last Ice Age end?            About 10,000 years ago
2. Which pre-human creature lived from c. 350,000 B.C. to 35,000 B.C.?             Neanderthal
3. Which continent is north of Africa?            Europe
4. Which continent is east of Europe?            Asia
5. Which ocean is east of Asia?                        Pacific Ocean
6. Which continent is south of Asia?            Australia
7. Is a continent a country? Explain?            No. A continent is a large mass of land, usually surrounded by water. A country is a big political entity (thing) with a government.
8. Which ocean is in between Africa and Australia?            Indian Ocean
9. Which continent is north of Africa?            Europe
10. Where did Neanderthals live from possibly c. 350,000 to 35,000 B.C.?            Europe and Southeastern Asia

​Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans

1. When did Neanderthals become extinct? C. 35,000 B.C.
2. Name a few ways Early Modern Humans were different from Neanderthals:
   1. ​Early Modern Humans made more complicated tools
   2. Early Modern Humans had smaller skulls
   3. Early Modern Humans made cave paintings
   4. Early Modern Humans made clay figurines
3. What was found in the Cro Magnon cave in France? Skeletons of Early Modern Humans
4. Name three things Early Modern Humans created:
   1. Cave paintings
   2. tools from flint
   3. shells for body decorations
   4. Venus figurines
5. Name one difference between Early Modern Humans and Early Man:

Early Man is taller
 
The Fertile Crescent 
 The Fertile Crescent and the Sumerians
1. What is an urban settlement with a high development of agriculture?             Civilization
2. What is a crescent-shaped area in the Middle East called?             Fertile Crescent
3. What do we call the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers?             Mesopotamia
4. Name the Sumerians’ writing system.            Cuneiform
5. What are you called if you believe in many gods?            Polytheism
6. What is the world’s first advanced civilization?             Sumer
7. Name possibly the oldest written story.             The Epic of Gilgamesh
8. Who invented the wheel?            Sumeria
9. What did the Sumerians invent?
            a. astronomy
            b. lunar calendar
            c. wheel
            d. cuneiform
 Babylonian Empire
1. When was the Babylonian Empire?            1900 B.C. to 1600 B.C.
2. Were farmers successful in Babylon?             Yes
3. What did Babylonians build with?            Bricks
4. What did King Hammurabi create?            Hammurabi’s Code
5. If a son hit his father, what would his punishment be under Hammurabi’s Code?
His hands would be chopped off.
6. What were some reasons Hamurabi’s Code was important?
            a. It was written
            b. It was publicly displayed
Because of these two facts, everyone had to follow the Code, and the leaders couldn’t change the law whenever they wanted to.
Hittites and Phoenicians
1. What did the Hittites discover?   A better way to make iron
2. Were Hittite laws written?           Yes
3. Why is it so important to have written laws?
             a. It was written
            b. It was publicly displayed
Because of these two facts, everyone had to follow the law, and the leaders couldn’t change the law whenever they wanted to.
4. What were the Phoenicians good at?      Sailing
5. What was the commercial center for Phoenicia?           Carthage
6. Why was purple the color of kings’ clothing?     Purple dye came from a rare shellfish
 
Hebrews

1. Hebrews were the first _____________  . monotheists
2. What word means belief in one God? Monotheism
3. God and Abraham made a promise. It is called a ___________.  Covenant
4. Where did the Hebrews live c. 1800 B.C.? The Fertile Crescent
5. Who led the Hebrews out of Egypt?  Moses
6. What are the Ten Commandments? These are basic moral laws from God to Moses and the Hebrews
7. What is the oldest monotheistic religion?  Judaism   
8. In what ways are the Hebrews the beginning of western civilization? In the west, most people believe in one God, and the culture and the laws of the west are based on the laws of the Hebrews.
9. How did the Hebrews view God? God is viewed as the Father.
10. What do we call the promise between God and the Hebrews? Covenant
11. List the Hebrew kings:
    1. Saul
    2. David
    3. Solomon
12. What did the 12 tribes of Israel do after King Solomon? The 12 tribes split into two groups. Ten tribes formed a northern kingdom and 2 tribes formed a southern kingdom.
13. What are the ten lost tribes of Israel? No one knows what happened to the 10 tribes of the north.
14. What did Romans force Hebrews to do? Romans forced Hebrews to leave the Roman Empire
15. What is this event (in number 7) called? Diaspora
16. When was the modern county of Israel formed? 1948

Assyria and Chaldean Empires

1. Describe where the Assyrian Empire was. The Fertile Crescent
2. What was the ziggurrat used for? It was used to worship Assyrian gods.
3. Who was the first to use the battering ram? The Assyrians
4. Who divided the circle into 360 degrees? The Chaldeans
5. What is the zodiac and the 12 zodiac signs? Assyrians believed the zodiac was the route the sun took when it went around the Earth. Zodiac signs are star constellations of particular months. According to the zodiac, each person has a zodiac sign, and this sign determines your personality.
6. Should you believe in the zodiac signs? No. They are similar to mythology. 
7. What did King Nebudchadnezzar II build? He built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 

 
​Persian Empire

1. About when was the ancient Persian Empire? It was between 559 B.C. to 330 B.C., but you can remember, 6th century B.C. to 4th century B.C.
2. What was the 1,500 mile road that connected all of Persia called?  The Royal Road
3. What religion were the Persian?     Zoroaster
4. Which king of Persia freed the Jews and is known as possibly the best Persian ruler? King Cyrus the Great
5. Which two Persian kings failed to conquer Greece?          Darius I and Xerxes

Ancient Egypt

1. What is the longest river in the world and the most important river for Egypt? The Nile
2. Name one reason Ancient Egypt was hard to conquer? Geography – It was surrounded by desert and the Mediterranean Sea
3. What did Egyptians make or invent?
   1. Paper from papyrus
   2. Hieroglyphics
4. What allowed modern man to understand the Ancient Egyptian language? The Rosetta Stone
5. Who was the leader of Egypt?          Pharoah
6. What was the Egyptian religion?     Polytheism
7. What were pyramids used for?       Tombs for the Pharoahs
8. What has the head of a pharaoh and the body of a lion?   Great Sphinx of Giza
9. From which emperor do Hebrews believe Moses freed the Jews?           Ramses II

Ancient Greece 
Early Greece

1. What is a body of land with water on three sides?    Peninsula
2. Did Greece have enough farmland to feed all the Greeks?  No
3. What ancient civilization lived on the island of Crete?  The Minoans
4. Who were the first Greeks to establish a strong civilization? The Myceneans
5. Which early Greek society knew how to make iron weapons, but they had no written language?   The Dorians
6. What is one Greek legend?  The legend of the Trojan horse.

Athens

1. In ancient Greece, how were people organized (cities, countries, kingdoms?)?  Into city-states
2. Who reformed Athens to make it later become a democracy? Solon
3. What is the type of government where citizens vote for all the laws?  Democracy
4. How many branches of government did Athens have?   3
5. Why did Athens have their government divided into different branches?  They did this so a tyrant (dictator) would never take over.
6. Who was the first people to create the idea of a citizen?  Athenians
7.  Which Greek statesman defended the idea of democracy?  Pericles
8. When was the Classical Age of Greece?  The fifth and fourth centuries B.C.
9. What kind of government does the United States of America have?  A republic, or, a representative democracy

Sparta
1. What did the Spartans value?     Strength and courage
2. What kind of a state was Sparta?            It was a military state
3. How many slaves to Spartans were there?  10 slaves for every 1 Spartan
4. At what age did a Spartan have to leave home and live with soldiers?          7
5. Name one thing Spartan women could do that was abnormal in most countries? Own land
6. Who led the government of Sparta?       2 kings
Persian Wars

1. Who fought each other in the Persian Wars? Greece v. Persia
2. Who won the Persian Wars?  Greece
3. Name the battle where 300 Spartans and 1,000 Athenians fought for three days against hundreds of thousands of Persians?  Battle of Thermopylae
4. Name the battle the Greeks won that the longest running race in the Olympics is named after:  Marathon
5. Which society represented democracy, Athens or Persia?  Athens

Peloponnesian Wars

1. What does the word Peloponnesian mean?  Peninsula – Greece was a peninsula
2. In the Peloponnesian Wars, who fought each other?  Sparta versus Athens
3. Who won the Peloponnesian Wars? Sparta won, but Sparta was greatly weakened.
4. When were the Peloponnesian Wars?  In the 400s B.C.

Macedonians and Hellenistic Age

1. In relation to Greece, where was Macedonia? It was north of Greece
2. Which man became a great conqueror from Macedonia? Alexander the Great
3. What did Alexander conquer? Greece, Egypt, Persia
4. What does the Hellenistic Age mean? This means the time period where Greek culture was dominant throughout parts of Persia, and Egypt
5. When was the Hellenistic Age?  From about 350 B.C. to about 150 B.C. 

Ancient India
Ancient India             

1. What feeds the Indus and Ganges River? Snow melt from the Himalayas feed the rivers.
2. Who did Ancient Indians trade with? They traded with Muslim Arabs and North Africans.
3. Who conquered India around 1500 B.C.?              Aryans
4. What did Aryans do with cattle? Aryans first used cattle as money, and then, they made the cattle sacred (as if it were a god).
5. What is the Ancient Indian language?        Sanskrit
6. What oldest religion developed during Aryan rule?         Hinduism
7. Name one thing Ashoka did?           He united most of India.
8. What did Indian mathameticians develop? They developed the number system based on 0 – 9 and they developed the decimal system.

Culture

1. What is the name of the earliest civilization of the Indus River?  The Harappa
2. What was suttee? If the husband died, they burned his body and his wife had to jump on his body and be burned to death.
3. Where was cotton first grown?   India
4. Who conquered India in 1500 B.C.? Aryans
5. Name the four castes
   1. Brahmin
   2. Priests
   3. Scholars
   4. Kshatriyas​                                         Untouchables
6. Name two rules of the caste system: Once born in a caste you could not leave it. You were not allowed to marry someone outside of your caste. You could only be reincarnated in order to move out of your caste.
7. What were the two main Indian religions?  Hinduism and Buddhism
8. Who was Siddhartha Gautama? He is the founder of Buddhism.​

American Civil Rights Questions and Answers (Current Events)

1. What are civil rights?  Civil rights are rights that citizens have.
2. When was the United States of America founded? July 4, 1776 - Independence Day
3. Who fought against each other at the beginning of the United States of America? Great Britain v. British Colonies (also known as English Colonies)
4. Who won? The British Colonies won
5. ​What was the name of the war where the United States of America was founded? The American Revolution
6. Which states at the beginning of the United States of America had slavery? The southern states had slaves.
7. Why didn’t all the other states demand that slavery be outlawed everywhere in America? The southern states would not have joined the other states to fight Great Britain if they had to free the slaves. 
8. What happened between 1861-1865? The U.S.A. fought a Civil War. 
9. What happened as a result of the Civil War regarding slavery? The U.S.A. ended slavery.
10. What was segregation? Segregation was a policy where people were separated based on their race. In the U.S.A., this meant that black Americans were not allowed in many places, and black Americans had inferior schools and public facilities. 
11. Describe one act of defiance in the Civil Rights movement? Rosa Parks refused to get up and move on a bus. 
12. What did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. do in the Civil Rights movement? Dr. King, Jr. led the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott, he gave speeches, and he led peaceful Civil Rights marches. 
13. Where in the world does slavery exist today? Today, slavery exists in some areas of Africa and Asia. In North and South America and Europe, slavery does exist illegally in some areas. ​

Ancient China
 Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1. Which civilization is the oldest surviving civilization in the world?  China
2. What do we call a family who controls a country?   Dynasty
3. Who did the Shang worship?  They worshipped their ancestors
4. Who developed the first Chinese writing?  The Shang developed characters
5. What would people in the Shang Dynasty use to tell the future?  Oracle bones
6. What did the Zhou Dynasty introduce?  Iron
7. During the Warring States period, what idea stated that laws needed to be clearly written and available to the  public?   Legalism
8. Who is the most well-known philosopher of ancient China?  Confucius.

 Emperor Qin and Han Dynasty

1. Which emperor started building the Great Wall of China? Emperor Qin.
2. What did Emperor Qin do to control Chinese?  He made all Chinese turn in their weapons.
3. Which people used to invade China from the North?  The Huns
4. What did Emperor Qin do to criminals? He had them cut in half.
5. Which dynasty adopted Confucianism?  The Han Dynasty
6. Name a few inventions of the Han Dynasty.   Paper, compass, wheelbarrow,
7. What was the business road called that was used by businesspeople for trade?  The Silk Road 

Roman Republic
1. Beginning of the Roman Republic

1. Who moved into Italy in 1500 B.C?  The Latins
2. On what river is Rome built?  Tiber River
3. Name one legend of the founding of Rome?  Romulus and Remus
4. When did the Latins establish the Roman Republic? 509 B.C.

5.         Which mountain range in the north of Italy runs east and west?  Alpine mountains
6.         Who did Romans believe were the parents of Romulus and Remus? Rhea and Mars
7. What is one story Virgil wrote about the founding of Rome? Aeneid
8. Before Romans established the republic, what people led them? Etruscans
2. Roman Government and Law

1. Name one modern country that can trace its government to the Roman Republic? The United States of America
2. How many branches did the government of the Roman Republic have?  3
3. What were the two types of Roman citizens called?  Patricians and plebians
4. What was written and publicly displayed in the Roman Republic?  Twelve Tables
5. ​Who controlled spending in the Roman Republic?  The Senate
6. What does innocent until proven guilty mean? This means that the accused is considered innocent and the accuser must prove with evidence that someone is guilty of a crime. Government considers an accused person innocent.

3. Roman Military
1. Who were the soldiers of the Roman Republic?  the citizens
2. What is a mercenary? He is a soldier who is paid to fight.
3. What is one thing Romans built when they expanded the republic?  roads
4. What were smaller, mobile units within the Roman Army called?  Legions
5. What did each unit have when it went into battle?  A standard
6. Which citizen became a dictator in war and then stepped down from power?  Cincinnatus
7. Which American president was compared to Cincinnatus?  George Washington

4. Punic (Phoenician) Wars
1. In ancient times, what was the fastest means of travel?  Boat
2. Control of which body of water was crucial for power south of Europe? Mediterranean Sea
3. In which years were the three Punic Wars fought?  264 B.C. - 146 B.C.
4. What was the main city of Phoenicia?  Carthage
5. Who took control of Carthage’s army and fought successfully for a great deal of time against the Roman Republic?  Hannibal
6. Which mountain range did Hannibal cross with elephants to invade Italy? The Alpine Mountains, or, The Alps
7. Who was victorious in the Punic Wars? The Roman Republic
 
5. Decline of the Roman Republic
1. When did the Roman Republic exist? 509 B.C. to 27 B.C.
2. What made it difficult for small farm owners in the Roman Republic? Low slave prices made farming less expensive for large farm owners.
3.  Who lost their farms and had to move to the cities at the end of the Roman Republic? many plebeians
4. What is a deficit? A deficit is when the government spends more money than it takes in in taxes.
5. Who are called by some as the founders of Socialism? The Gracchus brothers
6. Who fought Rome in the Servile Wars? Slaves
7. Who was given the title of dictator towards the end of the Roman Republic? Julius Caesar
The Roman Empire
1. Beginning of the Roman Empire
1. What happened in the Roman Republic in 60 B.C?      Civil War
2. What river did Caesar cross with his army that meant Caesar wanted to control Rome? The Rubicon
3. What did Caesar say when he plunged his horse into the water?       The die is cast.
4. What calendar did Julius Caesar create?   Julian Calendar
5. What happened to Caesar on March 15th, 44 B.C?        Caesar was murdered
6. Who was Cleopatra?   She was the queen of Egypt.
7. Who was the first Roman Emperor? Octavian, later named Augustus Caesar
8. How was the Roman Empire different from the Roman Republic?
a. In the Roman Empire, people had to worship the emperor as if he  
    were a god.
          b. Citizens in the Empire had less rights than in the Republic.
          c. Citizens in the Empire didn’t vote for their leaders.
9. What was Pax Romana? This was a period of peace within the Empire, where trade flourished.
10. What were many Romans interested in pursuing?       ..a virtuous life
11. Who was Paterfamilias?      The Roman father held all the power.
12. Explain the Roman religion. Romans believed in many gods.  We call this Roman mythology.
13. How many people lived in Rome in the first century A.D?   1 million
14. What was a constant danger in Rome?    Fire
15. Where did wealthy Romans live? In the countryside, in villas
16. Describe the gladiator fights and the Colosseum? Slaves were trained to fight and kill and they battled in the Colosseum. More than 50,000 spectators could watch the fights.
17. What did Romans do every day?  They took baths.
2. Roman Art and Architecture

1. What did Romans develop that allowed them to build monumental structures?
   1. Concrete
   2. Arch
   3. Dome
2. What does an arch do? An arch allows builders to make bigger rooms, and arches are beautiful.
3. What is the best Roman example of a dome? Pantheon
4. How do classical Greek and Roman sculpture depict man?  They show humans in their ideal form.
5. Describe Roman literature? Roman writers wrote poems, plays, histories, and they wrote a great deal.

3. Roman Emperors

1. Why do historians say Caligula was bad?

Caligula killed others for his own pleasure, had incestuous relations with his mom and sisters, and cared little for the empire.
2. How was Nero bad?He too had incestuous relations, is believed to have played a part in burning Rome down, and cared only for himself.
3. What did Hadrian build? Was he a good emperor?Hadrian built a wall that kept out invading Picts from northern Britain. He is considered a good emperor.
4. What do “all roads lead to Rome” mean?This means that all roads in the Roman Empire led to Rome, and that Rome was the capital of everything in the Empire.
5. Why did Emperor Diocletian split the Empire?He believed the empire had grown too big and diverse to manage from one center.
6. Name three things Constantine did?

1. He reunited the Roman Empire
2. He moved the capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople
3. He allowed Romans to practice Christianity

 4. Christianity

1. When did Christianity begin? Christianity began with the birth of Jesus Christ, over 2000 years ago.
2. Who is the founder of Christianity? Jesus Christ
3. What are the teachings of Jesus Christ?
   1. God is a Father to all people and Jesus is the savior
   2. People are called to love and forgive others
   3. People are called to ask forgiveness of sins and repent
   4. People are called to deny themselves and follow Jesus

4. Who were the leaders of the early Christian Church?    The Apostles
5. How did Jesus die? Romans crucified him.
6. What did the Apostolic Fathers do? They wrote about Christianity and spread the news of Jesus.
7. What did Romans do to Christians? Romans persecuted Christians
8. What did Emperor Theodosius do in A.D. 380? He made Catholic Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.
5. Fall of the Roman Empire
List the differences between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
West                                                                East
Latin is the language                            Greek is the language
Capital was Rome                                Capital was Constantinople
List the reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire: 

• 
  
  • Rome Expanded too Much
  • Moral Decline of Society
  • Corruption
  • Diseases
  • Inflation
  • Weak Economy
  • High Taxes
  • High Divorce Rate
  • Expensive Army​

1. What year did the Roman Empire fall?  A.D. 476
2. Which barbarian general conquered Rome?  Odoacer
3. Who controlled the areas that used to be the Roman Empire in the year A.D. 500?  Various German Barbarian Tribes
   1. Vandals
   2. Ostrogoths
   3. Visigoths
   4. Franks
   5. Angles
   6. Saxons

Medieval Civilizations

Roman Empire (A review of an Ancient Civilization) 
The Beginning
1. What happened in the Roman Republic in 60 B.C?            Civil War
2. What river did Caesar cross with his army that meant Caesar wanted to control Rome?             The Rubicon
3. What did Caesar say when he plunged his horse into the water?            The die is cast.
4. What calendar did Julius Caesar create?            Julian Calendar
5. What happened to Caesar on March 15th, 44 B.C?            Caesar was murdered
6. Who was Cleopatra?            She was the queen of Egypt.
7. Who was the first Roman Emperor?            Octavian, later named Augustus Caesar
8. How was the Roman Empire different from the Roman Republic?
            a. In the Roman Empire, people had to worship the emperor as if he were a god.
            b. Citizens in the Empire had less rights than in the Republic.
            c. Citizens in the Empire didn’t vote for their leaders.
9. What was Pax Romana? This was a period of peace within the Empire, where trade flourished.
 
Roman Family and Life
1. What were many Romans interested in pursuing?             ..a virtuous life
2. Who was Paterfamilias?             The Roman father held all the power.
3. Explain the Roman religion.            Romans believed in many gods.  We call this Roman mythology.
4. How many people lived in Rome in the first century A.D?             1 million
5. What was a constant danger in Rome?             Fire
6. Where did wealthy Romans live?             In the countryside, in villas
7. Describe the gladiator fights and the Colosseum? Slaves were trained to fight and kill and they battled in the Colosseum. More than 50,000 spectators could watch the fights.
8. What did Romans do everyday?  They took baths.
 Architecture

1. What did Romans develop that allowed them to build monumental structures?
   1. Concrete
   2. Arch
   3. Dome
2. What does an arch do? An arch allows builders to make bigger rooms, and arches are beautiful.
3. What is the best Roman example of a dome? Pantheon
4. How do classical Greek and Roman sculpture depict man?  They show humans in their ideal form.
5. Describe Roman literature? Roman writers wrote poems, plays, histories, and they wrote a great deal.

Roman Emperors
1. Why do historians say Caligula was bad? Caligula killed others for his own pleasure, had incestuous relations with his mom and sisters, and cared little for the empire.
2. How was Nero bad? He too had incestuous relations, is believed to have played a part in burning Rome down, and cared only for himself.
3. What did Hadrian build? Was he a good emperor? Hadrian built a wall that kept out invading Picts from northern Britain. He is considered a good emperor.
4. What do “all roads lead to Rome” mean? This means that all roads in the Roman Empire led to Rome, and that Rome was the capital of Everything in the Empire.
5. Why did Emperor Diocletian split the Empire? He believed the empire had grown too big and diverse to manage from one center.
6. Name three things Constantine did: 

1. He reunited the Roman Empire
2. He moved the capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople
3. He allowed Romans to practice Christianity

 
Christianity

1. When did Christianity begin? Christianity began with the birth of Jesus Christ, over 2000 years ago.
2. Who is the founder of Christianity? Jesus Christ
3. What are the teachings of Jesus Christ?
   1. God is a Father to all people and Jesus is the savior
   2. People are called to love and forgive others
   3. People are called to ask forgiveness of sins and repent
   4. People are called to deny themselves and follow Jesus

4. Who were the leaders of the early Christian Church?            The Apostles
5. How did Jesus die? Romans crucified him.
6. What did the Apostolic Fathers do? They wrote about Christianity and spread the news of Jesus.
7. What did Romans do to Christians? Romans persecuted Christians
8. What did Emperor Theodosius do in A.D. 380? He made Catholic Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.
 
Fall of the Roman Empire
1. List the differences between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
West                                              East
a. Latin is the language            a. Greek is the language
b. Capital was Rome                  b. Capital was Constantinople

2. List the reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire.
 a. High Divorce Rate
 b. Expensive Army
 c. Rome Expanded too Much
 d. Moral Decline of Society
 e. Corruption
 f. Diseases
 g. Inflation
 h. Weak Economy
 i. High Taxes  

3. What year did the Roman Empire fall?  A.D. 476
4. Which barbarian general conquered Rome?  Odoacer
5. Who controlled the areas that used to be the Roman Empire in the year A.D. 500?  Various German Barbarian Tribes
6. Name as many Germanic tribes or nations as you can: 

1. Vandals
2. Ostrogoths
3. Visigoths
4. Franks
5. Angles
6. Saxons

Islamic Civilizations
Arabia
1. What is Arabia?  It is a peninsula.
2. What is a peninsula?  It is a body of land surrounded by water on three sides.
3. Who were Bedouins?  Bedouins were nomads who were fierce warriors.
4. What are oases?  Oases are natural springs in Arabia.
5. What do you find near large oases?  Near large oases you find cities.

Beginnings of Islam
1. When was Muhammad born? 570
2. What religion did Muhammad found and what do we call its believers?  He found Islam and believers are called Muslims.
3. How many wives did Muhammad have?  11
4. How many wives can Muslims have?  4
5. What is the holy book of Islam?  The Koran
6. List two of the five pillars of Islam:
   a. Pray five times a day
   b. Give to the community
7. What is the name of the building Muslims worship in?
Muslims worship God in a mosque. 

Spread of Islam
1. What is the successor of Muhammad called?    Caliph
2. Who is a Shiite? He is a Muslim who thinks the Caliph should be a blood relative of Muhammad.
3. Who is a Sunni?     He is a Muslim who thinks the Caliph doesn’t have to be a blood relative of Muhammad.
4. What did Muslim armies do from about 600 – 1100? They conquered many territories and converted many people to Islam.
5. What is jihad? It is a Holy War for Muslims.
6. Who invaded Spain and tried to conquer Europe?      Muslims
7. Who conquered the Christian Holy Land from the Romans? Muslims

Islamic Golden Age
1. When was the Islamic Golden Age? About 700s to 1200s
2. To make money what did many Muslims do? They traded to foreign markets around the world.
3. What did Avicenna write?            He wrote one of the world’s first encyclopedias.
 
Art
1. Why were Muslims not able to depict humans in art?         Muslims were afraid people would worship the artwork.
2. What is arabesque?          Arabesque is a design that resembles flowers or vines.
3. What is the Taj Mahal?     It is a Muslim mausoleum.

Genghis Khan and the Mongols
1. Who destroyed much of the Islamic Empires in the Medieval Ages? The Mongols destroyed the Islamic Empires in the Medieval Ages, and the Christian Crusaders made it weaker.
 
2. Who was Genghis Khan? He was the leader of the Mongols.
 
3. What was the purpose of the Crusades? Christians wanted to be able to visit the Holy Land and to win the Holy Land back from the Muslims.
 
4. What was the Reconquista?         It was a 700 year war the Spanish Catholics fought against the Muslims in Spain. The Spanish won in 1492.
 
The Ottoman Turks
1. Who conquered most of the Arab Muslim Empire and then established a new Empire in the 11th century?                  The Turks did.
 
2. How did the Turks treat Christian pilgrims trying to visit the Holy Land?
The Turks abused the pilgrims and would not allow them to visit the Holy Land.
 
3. Why did Pope Urban II call for a Crusade against the Muslim Turks?
The Pope wanted Christians to visit the Holy Land and to win the Holy Land back from the Muslims.
 
4. What was the result of the Crusades?    The Turks won, but the Christians won the right to visit the Holy Land.
 
5. Who were the Ottoman Turks?   The Ottoman Turks were an Asian people who conquered Arab Muslim Empires. The Turks were pagans, but converted to Islam.
 
6. Who were the Janissary Corps? The Turks invaded Europe and stole young Christian boys. The Turks trained the boys to be vicious fighters and to be Muslims. The Janissary Corps was a fierce army made up of kidnapped Christian boys.
 
7. What happened to Constantinople?       The Turks conquered it. The Christians fled to Europe. The Turks renamed it Istanbul.
 
8. What did the Sultan try to do to Europe?          The Sultan tried to conquer Europe and make it Muslim.
 
9. What was the last battle that stopped the Sultan and the Turks from conquering Europe?          The Battle of Lepanto.          

Medieval Africa 
Geography

1. Name the second largest continent.  Africa
2. Why do we call Africa a plateau continent?  Africa is a plateau continent because most of it is 3,000 feet above sea level.
3. Name the world’s largest desert.  Sahara
4. What provides excellent farmland in northern Egypt?  The Nile River
5. What is the large river in West Africa?   The Niger River
6. Name the main products of medieval Africa:  gold, salt, copper, iron, and slaves
7. Why was medieval Africa isolated? The plateau and Sahara Desert made it difficult for outsiders to venture into Africa.
8. What enabled Europeans to explore Africa? Inventions like the compass, astrolabe, and better ships enabled Europeans to explore Africa.

 
Ghana and West Africa

1. What challenge do historians have in learning about ancient and medieval Africa? Outside of Egypt, Africans had no written language.
2. What river in West Africa was the site of 3 great medieval civilizations?  The Niger River
3. How did people of Ghana earn money?  They traded gold, diamonds, and slaves.
4. If you were a West African woman, what wouldn’t you like?  Your husband could have as many wives as he could afford.
5. What did North African Muslims trade with Ghana? Salt, tools
6. Who was Mansa Musa?  HE was a fabulously wealthy king of Ghana.

East Africa

1. What were the Swahili city-states? These were small kingdoms on the east coast of Africa where the people did much trading with Asia.
2. What religion spread to East Africa in the 10th century? Islam
3. What was unique about the Zimbabwe king? Only his wives and court were  allowed to see him.
4. How was Zimbabwe protected? Zimbabwe had a huge stone wall around the city.
5. Which country conquered the Swahili city-states in 1480? Portugal

American Civil Rights Questions and Answers (Current Events)

1. What are civil rights?  Civil rights are rights that citizens have.
2. When was the United States of America founded? July 4, 1776 - Independence Day
3. Who fought against each other at the beginning of the United States of America? Great Britain v. British Colonies (also known as English Colonies)
4. What was the name of the war where the United States of America was founded? The American Revolution
5. Who won? The British Colonies won
6. Which states at the beginning of the United States of America had slavery? The southern states had slaves.
7. Why didn’t all the other states demand that slavery be outlawed everywhere in America? The southern states would not have joined the other states to fight Great Britain if they had to free the slaves. 
8. What happened between 1861-1865? The U.S.A. fought a Civil War. 
9. What happened as a result of the Civil War regarding slavery? The U.S.A. ended slavery.
10. What was segregation? Segregation was a policy where people were separated based on their race. In the U.S.A., this meant that black Americans were not allowed in many places, and black Americans had inferior schools and public facilities. 
11. Describe one act of defiance in the Civil Rights movement? Rosa Parks refused to get up and move on a bus. 
12. What did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. do in the Civil Rights movement? Dr. King, Jr. led the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott, he gave speeches, and he led peaceful Civil Rights marches. 
13. Where in the world does slavery exist today? Today, slavery exists in some areas of Africa and Asia. In North and South America and Europe, slavery does exist illegally in some areas. 

Medieval China
Geography

1. Which continent is the largest in the world? Asia
2. Which mountain range is the highest in the world?                     Himalayas
3. Which mountain is the highest in the world?        Mt. Everest
4. In which continent did all of the world’s most followed religions begin?  Asia
5. Which area in the world is the coldest?   Siberia

 
Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties
1. What did ancient Chinese call people from other nations?   Barbarians
2. Built in ancient times, what links two great rivers of China today?   The Grand Canal
3. Name two medieval Chinese dynasties?  Sui, Tang, or Song
4. What trade route linked Asia to the rest of the world?  The Silk Road
5. Under the Tang, how did a person get a government job?  He took a test.
6. What was invented under the Song Dynasty?  Gunpowder, paper, block printing, advanced navigational tools.
 
Mongols and the Ming Dynasty
1. Who lived as shepherds on the steppe of Northern China?   Mongols
2. Who organized these shepherds of Northern China to form the largest empire in the history of the world?   Genghis Khan
3. What is cavalry?  Horse mounted soldiers
4. Which Mongol ruler was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the Emperor of China?  Kublai Khan
5. Which European worked for Kublai Khan for many years? Marco Polo
6. Did the Chinese enjoy being ruled by the Mongols or did the Chinese hate being ruled by the Mongols? The Chinese hated the Mongols.
7. Which dynasty overthrew the Mongols?  The Ming Dynasty
8. Under the Ming Dynasty, did China open or close itself to the world? China isolated itself to the world

Medieval Japan
1. What is a chain of islands?           Archipelago
2. What did the ancient Japanese believe about the sun? They believed that the sun first rose and first set over Japan.
3. What was the religion of medieval Japanese? Shinto. They believed in many gods.  The second main religion was Buddhism.
4. Today’s emperor can trace his family back to which medieval clan?  The Yamato
5. What were Japanese military rulers called?   Shogun
6. What were the land owning lords called in Japan?   Daimyo
7. What were the medieval warriors called?  Samurai
8. What is the samurai honor code called? Bushido
9. Who were hired spies or assassins during medieval Japan?  Ninjas
10. Who tried to conquer medieval Japan?  Kublai Khan
11. What did the Japanese believe defeated Kublai Khan on the ocean?  The Kamikazi -  the wind of the gods. 

Medieval Europe
1. Geography 

1. Which continent is the second smallest?    Europe
2. What mountains form the eastern border of Europe? Ural Mountains
3. What makes travelling in Europe easier? Rivers
4. What ocean is to the west of Europe? Atlantic Ocean​
5. What mountains separate Italy from the rest of Europe? Alps
6. What is the largest European mountain? Mount Blanc
7. What is unique about Europe and farming? Europe is the continent with the largest percentage of farmable land.
8. What is Europe’s largest river? Volga
9. Does Europe have many natural resources? Yes 

2. Medieval Byzantine Empire

1. When did the Medieval Ages begin?          A.D. 476
2. What do some historians call the Eastern Roman Empire?  The Byzantine Empire
3. Who named the city of Constantinople?  Constantine
4. Between which two continents lies Constantinople? Europe and Asia
5. In the 500s, which emperor defeated many barbarian tribes to expand the Eastern Roman Empire?  Justinian
6. Which barbarian people conquered Spain?  Visigoths
7. What year did the Eastern Roman Empire fall to the Muslim Turks?  1453    
8. Who conquered the Holy Land from the Christians of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 600s?  Arab Muslims

 
3. Medieval Byzantine Society
1. What year did the Great Schism occur? 1054
2. Who were the two missionaries who brought Christianity to the Slavs? St. Cyril and St. Methodius
3. Which alphabet did the two Greek missionaries create for the Russians? The Cyrillic Alphabet
4. What two religions did the Roman Catholic Church break into in 1054? Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church
5. Which Byzantine city was at the crossroads of trade routes for Europe, Asia, and Africa? Constantinople
6. In A.D. 380, who declared the Roman Catholic Church as the official religion of the Roman Empire? Emperor Theodosius I
7. Who eventually conquered the Byzantine Empire? The Muslim Turks
8. What year did the Byzantine Empire end? 1453
9. Who was the last Byzantine Emperor's niece who married Ivan III? Sophia Paleologue
10. What did some Russians call their empire after Sophia Paleologue married Ivan III? The Third Rome

 
 
4. Barbarian Europe

1. What is the study of a civilization before writing?            Prehistory
2. About when were the Medieval Ages?       476 A.D. – 1500
3. What did the Romans call the Germanic, Slavic, and Celtic tribes who had no written language?      Barbarians
4. Which people of Asia conquered large areas of land in the fourth the fifth centuries?           The Huns
5. Which Germanic tribe established the country of France?          The Franks
6. Which tribes established the country of England?           Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
7. In 51 B.C., which people practiced human sacrifices? The Germanic barbarians
8. How did early Germanic tribes determine if someone were innocent or guilty? Trial by ordeal
9. What did the Germanic, Slavic, and Celtic peoples believe in ?  They believed in many gods. They were pagans.

 
 
5. The Spread of Christianity and Roman Values

1. What was one institution that survived the collapse of the Roman Empire? The Roman Catholic Church
2. Who was the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?  The pope.
3. What religious belief were the Catholics?   Christian
4. Who converted the European barbarians of the middle ages?  The monks, nuns, and Catholics
5. Who was the missionary to the Irish?  St. Patrick
6. Who was the missionary to the Germans?  St. Boniface
7. Who was the missionary to the English? St. Augustine of Canterbury
8. Who established the first monastery?  St. Benedict

 
6. Founding of Western Europe

1. Who was the first French king who was baptized a Catholic Christian?  Clovis I
2. In what year was Clovis I crowned king?  485
3. What does the Catholic Church call France?  The Church’s first daughter
4. Who defeated the Muslims and stopped them from overtaking what would become France in 732? Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)
5. Who became the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800? Charlemagne (Charles Martel’s grandson)
6. What was the educational and philosophical movement Charlemagne promoted in Europe called?  The Carolingian Renaissance. Charlemagne supported learning
7. After Charlemagne’s son died, what happened to his empire? It split into three

 
7. Founding of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland

1. Who and what did the Romans conquer in A.D. 43? Britain
2. When did the Roman soldiers leave Britain?  410
3. Which barbarian tribes invaded Britain? Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and later, Vikings
4. Who was the first Anglo-Saxon king?  King Alfred the Great
5. When did Alfred the Great rule? In the 800s
6. Who invaded Britain and Ireland in 800s- 1000s? Vikings
7. Who led the last successful invasion of England? 1066, at the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror

 
8. Medieval Russia

1. Who settled along the rivers of Black and Baltic Seas in the early 6th century? Slavs
2. In the 800s, who conquered the Russian Slavs? Swedish Vikings
3. What were common practices of the Russians and Vikings? Human sacrifice and polygamy
4. IN the ninth and tenth centuries, what did many of the Russians convert? They converted to Christianity
5. Who is known as the Apostle to the Russians? Saint Vladimir
6. Who conquered the Russians in the 1200s? Mongols
7. Who defeated the Mongols? Grand Duke Ivan and the Russians
8. Who was a very cruel Medieval Russian leader? Ivan the Terrible

 
9. Feudalism

1. What was the economic system of Medieval Europe? Feudalism
2. In feudalism, who was at the head? The King
3. What did the serfs do? They worked on the farms
4. What did the knights do? They protected the serfs, fought in wars, and served the king
5. What was the manor? The manor was the center of the village, where the lord and his wife lived, and it acted as the hospital

 
10. The Age of Faith

1. What provided hope, education, and medicine during the Medieval Ages? The Roman Catholic Church
2. What ended the European practice of human sacrifice and polygamy? The Roman Catholic Church
3. What can different levels of power be called? Hierarchy
4. What abuses occurred in the Church from 800s – 1000s? bribery, having children
5. What movement cleaned up the Church? The Cluniac Reforms
6. What was it called when someone spoke against a belief of the church? Heresy
7. What was a punishment for heresy? Excommunication – a person would be kicked out of the church
8. What did cardinals do? Cardinals advised the pope, and they chose the pope

 
11. Art, Education, and Architecture

1. Who supported the arts and education in Medieval Europe? The Roman Catholic Church
2. Describe Romanesque architecture: thick walls, small windows, rounded arches
3. Describe Gothic architecture: tall windows, much lighter inside
4. What was illumination? Monks would copy the Bible and literature and decorate the books
5. Who maintained literature? The Monks
6. What did ST. Thomas Aquinas teach? He taught that faith and reason go together
7. What did Father Roger Bacon help develop? The Scientific Method

 
12. The Crusades

1. In what year did Muslims conquer the Holy Land from the Christians? 638
2. What do Christians call the land where Jesus lived? The Holy Land
3. From 1015-1241 Christians fought to win back the Holy Land and to force the Muslims to allow Christians to pilgrimage to the Holy Land. What were these battles called?  The Crusades
4. Did the Christians win any land in the Crusades? No
5. Did the Muslims lose anything in the Holy Land? The Muslims agreed to stop harassing, kidnapping, or killing Christians who go to the Holy Land on pilgrimage.

13. Conflict Between Kings and Popes

1. What is investiture? This is the power to choose the bishop.
2. Did the Pope or the King have the power of investiture? The Pope and the King fought over this power. Sometimes, the Pope held this power. Sometimes, the King held this power.
3. What are powers the Pope held over the King?  
   1. Excommunication: the Pope could kick someone out of the Church, and that meant they were going to hell.
   2. Interdiction: The Pope could rule that no church services would occur, like no baptisms, no weddings, no funerals. The people would then rise up and force the king to change his policies.
4. What powers did the king have over the Pope?
   1. The army
   2. Feudalism- the king controlled the economy

 
14. Development of Individual Liberty

1. Which medieval country offered the most liberty in the world? England
2. What did the English king have to sign in 1215 that limited his power?  The Magna Carta
3. Who was the last person to conquer England?  William the Conqueror, in 1066
4. In 1289, England started the oldest representative group of people. What was this called?  The Parliament
5. What documents in America show that Americans were strongly influenced by the English?  The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

 
15. Muslims and Jews in Medieval Europe

1. Who controlled most of Spain and Portugal from 700 – 1492? Muslims, called Moors
2. How did Muslims treat Christians from 700 – 1000? Christians could practice their religion, but only in private?
3. How did Muslims treat Christians from 1000-1492? Christians were not allowed to have the Bible in their possession.
4. What was reconquista? Christians of Spain retook Spain from the Muslims.
5. Where were the Jews from Spain originally from? Jerusalem. The Roman Empire kicked them out of the Holy Land.
6. By law, what profession could Jews hold in Spain? Banking
7. What were pogroms? They were massacres where Christians killed Jews. 

16. The Fall of Medieval Society
     1. Crop Rotation: Farmers rotated which crops they grew on land in order to keep the land fertile.
     2. Letters of Credit: Merchants travelled with a piece of paper that explained what the paper was worth. These letters of credit allowed merchants to travel safely without carrying gold or other valuable items.
     3. Guild: Medieval tradesmen formed associations to perfect their work and to make more money.
     4. Longbow: The longbow was a powerful weapon that could propel an arrow so fast and strong it would pierce armor.
     5. Hundred Years’ War: From 1337 to 1453, France fought England.
     6. Bubonic Plague: This epidemic, also called Black Death, killed more than 1/3 of Europeans between 1347 and 1400. 
Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, Age of Exploration

1. The Reformation: In the Reformation, the Catholic Christian Church split into the Catholic Church and various Protestant Churches.
2. Martin Luther: Martin Luther was a German Catholic priest who began the Reformation in 1527, eventually establishing the Lutheran religion.
3. Protestants: Protestants are Christians who protest the Catholic Church.
4. Protestant Work Ethic: The Protestant work ethic is a belief of Protestants that if a person works hard God will shower him with blessings.
5. Religious freedom: In Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, colonists could practice any Christian religion they wanted. This is called religious freedom.
6. Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was a European intellectual movement that emphasized the importance of reason and individualism.
7. Natural Rights: Some philosophers argue that natural rights are those that God created each person with: the rights to life, liberty, and the right to private property.
8. John Locke: Locke was an English writer who wrote extensively about natural rights.
9. Adam Smith: Smith was an English writer who wrote about capitalism. He is called the father of modern capitalism.
10. Capitalism: Capitalism is an economic model where individuals have freedom to make financial decisions and the government does not try to control their actions. 
11. Renaissance: The Renaissance was a rebirth of classical Greek and Roman thought and art in Europe. It marks the end of the Medieval Ages.
12. Age of Exploration: In the 1400s-1700s, Europeans explored and colonized much of the world.
13. Prince Henry the Navigator: This Portuguese Prince sponsored Europeans to explore and map the world.
14. Bartholomew Diaz: Diaz was the first to sail around the southern tip of Africa.
15. Vasco de Gama: Vasco de Gama was the first to sail to India and back to Portugal.
16. Christopher Columbus: Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who discovered America for Spain.
17. Reconquista: The Reconquista was a war where Christian Spaniards reconquered their country from the Muslim Moors (c. 700 – 1492).
18. American Indians: American Indians are also known as Native Americans.
19. Polygamy: Polygamy is the practice of having more than one wife at the same time.
20. Columbus Day: Columbus Day is a federal holiday set aside to honor Columbus’ discovery of America. 

2020 History Faire Food Signups
1. Kingdom of Bohemia  
​2. Kingdom of Aragon
3. Kingdom of Hungary
4. Kingdom of France

Medieval History Summer Camp: 
1. Jerusalem:  www.jerusalemmacarthur.weebly.com 
2. Hungary: www.hungaryforvictory.weebly.com 
3. France: kingdomoffrance1.weebly.com 
4. Scotland: number1scotland.weebly.com 

The Story of Liberty

1. Beginning of the Roman Republic

2. Roman Government and Law

3. Roman Military

4. The Punic Wars

5. Decline of the Roman Republic

The Roman Empire
1. Beginning of the Roman Empire, Parts 1 and 2

3. Roman Architecture and Literature

4. Roman Emperors

5. Christianity

6. End of the Roman Empire

America's Roman Heritage

Medieval Islamic Civilizations

1. Arabia

2. Beginnings of Islam

3. The Spread of Islam

4. Islamic Golden Age and Art

5. Decline of the Islamic Civilizations

6. The Turks

Medieval Africa

1. Geography

2. Medieval West African Kingdoms

3. Medieval East Africa and Great Zimbabwe

Medieval China
​1. Geography of Asia

2. The Tang and Song Dynasties

3. The Mongols and the Ming Dynasty

Medieval Japan

Medieval Korea and Southeast Asia

Medieval India

Medieval Europe
​1. Geography

2. The Byzantine Empire

3. Byzantine Society

4. Barbarian Europe

5. The Spread of Christianity and Roman Values

6. Founding of Western Europe

7. Founding of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales

8. Medieval Russia

9. Feudalism

10. The Age of Faith

11. Medieval Education and Art

12. The Crusades

13. Conflict Between Kings and Popes

14. Development of Individual Liberty

15. Jews and Muslims in Europe

16. The End of the Medieval Ages

Medieval History Go Fish Readings

American History

America’s Ancient Heritage
Chapter 1:  The Fertile Crescent

1. The Fertile Crescent: In the shape of a crescent, this area in the Middle East, or Near East, is the
   location of the first great civilizations.
   2. Nomad: This is a person who does not have a permanent home but follows herds of animals instead.
   3. Cuneiform: This is the written language of Sumeria and the world’s first written language. Rather than
   use an alphabet, this language uses wedge-shaped characters.
   4. Lunar Calendar: This calendar was based on the movement of the moon.
   5. Hammurabi’s Code: Hammurabi’s Code was a publicly-displayed written set of laws of the Hittite Empire.
   6. First alphabet: Phoenicians most likely created the first alphabet.
   7. Monotheism: Monotheism is the belief in one God.
   8. Hebrews: The Hebrews were the first people who believed in one God.
   9. Covenant: The covenant is the contract between God and Abraham and the Hebrews. As long as the
   Hebrews were obedient to God, God would protect them.
   10. Abraham and Sarah: Abraham and Sarah are the first Hebrews.
   11. Morality: Morality is the idea that there is a right and wrong and it comes from God. The Hebrews
   were the first to introduce this idea.
   12. Ten Commandments: The Ten Commandments are 10 basic laws of the Mosaic Code and are basic
   teachings for Jews and Christians.

 
Chapter 2: The Greeks
1. City-state: This was a city that functioned as a country, with both an army and government.
2. Athens: Athens was a city-state of Greece and is the birthplace of democracy.
3. Classical Greece: Classical Greece refers to a specific time period, c. 5th century and into the 4th
century B.C., when Athenians practiced democracy and achieved great cultural advancements.
4. Self-government: This is the practice of people governing themselves.
5. Socrates: Socrates is known as the father of western philosophy.
6. Aristotle: Aristotle is perhaps Greece’s most important thinker and most prolific writer on philosophy,
government, and science.
7. Virtue: Virtue is to behave in the right manner and as a mean between extremes of deficiency and excess.
8. Natural Law: Natural law is the idea that something is just by nature for all and that this idea, Natural
Law, comes from a source higher than man.
9. Happiness defined by Aristotle: Aristotle wrote that happiness is a life lived in accordance with
reason and virtue.
10. Neoclassical Architecture: This is an architectural style that resembles buildings of ancient Greece
and Rome.

Chapter 3: The Roman Republic
1. Constitution: The Constitution is the written plan of government for the United States of America.
2. Rule of Law: The “Rule of Law” is the idea that all people have to follow the law. In this way,
leaders are limited and they cannot become dictators.
3. Innocent until proven guilty: This is the idea that the accused must prove that someone
is guilty and that all people are assumed innocent before trial.
4. The right to confront the accuser: If someone accuses another of a crime, the accused
gets to see who is accusing him and has an opportunity to defend himself in court.
5. Twelve Tables: These were laws of the Roman Republic, written and publicly displayed in every major city.
6. Freedom of thought: This freedom is the right to think something even if it offends another person.
7. Representative government: This is a system in which citizens vote for leaders and leaders make laws.
8. Jesus Christ: Jesus Christ is the founder of Christianity.
9. Conscience: Conscience is an inner feeling or voice that tells a person if something is moral or
immoral (right or wrong.)
10. Bible: The Bible is a holy book. The Old Testament of the Bible is the holy book for Jews, and both the
Old Testament and the New Testament of the Bible is the holy book for Christians.
 
Chapter 4: Western Civilization
1. Western Civilization: Western Civilizations refers to cultures that share in the ideas of rational
thought, belief in one God, and individual rights.
2. Greco-Roman, Judeo-Christian culture: This term is synonymous with Western
Civilization.
3. Monotheism: Monotheism is the belief in one God.
4. Limited Government: A limited government is a government which has minimal power over the
people and which gives the people maximum liberty.
5. Caesar: Caesar is the title of the leader of the political world in the Roman Empire.
6. Pope: The Pope was the leader of the Christian Church in the Roman Empire after the year A.D. 380.
7. Liberty: Liberty means the political rights of individuals, such as the right to vote, freedom of speech,
freedom of religion, and freedom of thought.
Unit Two: America’s Medieval Heritage
Chapter 5:  The Age of Barbarians
1. Barbarians: Romans called the Germanic, Slavic, and Hun peoples barbarians because Romans only
heard “Bar bar bar” when the barbarians spoke, because Romans couldn’t understand their language.
2. Huns: Huns were barbarians from Asia who attacked the Roman Empire.
3. Celts: Celts were Europeans who lived in Central and Western Europe during the Roman Empire.
4. Germanic Tribes: Germanic peoples were Europeans who lived throughout Europe and who attacked
the Roman Empire.
5. Political Equality: Political equality is the idea that all citizens are born with the same rights.

Chapter 6: Civilizing Europe
1. Church Fathers: Church Fathers were early leaders of the Christian Church.
2. Universal: Universal describes something that is meant for the entire world, translated into Greek
as Catholic.
3. Monk: A monk is a Christian man who devotes his life to serving Christ and persuading pagans to be
Christians.
4. Saint Patrick: Saint Patrick was a British Catholic bishop who converted Ireland to Christianity.
5. Saint Boniface: Saint Boniface was a missionary to the Germanic people who eventually was
martyred.
6. Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius : Saints Cyril and Methodius were Greek missionaries who
converted the Slavs.
7. Latin: Latin was the language of the Romans and it became the language of all educated people in Europe
in the medieval ages.
 
Chapter 7: Foundation of European Kingdoms
1. Franks: The Franks founded the first European kingdom in the fifth century.
2. Clovis I: Clovis I was the first French King.
3. Charles Martel: Charles (the Hammer) Martel was the French King who stopped the Muslims from
invading Europe.
4. Dynasty: A dynasty is a ruling family.
5. Charlemagne: Charlemagne was the Frankish king, crowned first Holy Roman Emperor in 800, who
united much of Europe. His sons founded medieval France, Germany, and Italy.
6. King Alfred the Great: King Alfred the Great founded the medieval kingdom of England.
7. Prince Vladimir: Prince Vladimir, also called Vladimir the Great, converted many Russians to the
Eastern Orthodox Church.

Chapter 8: Development of Liberty in Medieval Europe
1. Nobility: The nobility was a class of people who could own land and who had more rights than others
in Europe.
2. William the Conqueror: William the Conqueror was a Norman who conquered England in 1066.
3. Feudalism: Feudalism was an economic and political system where people occupied set positions in
society and where some individuals had more rights than others.
4. Magna Carta: The Magna Carta was a document which limited the power of the English King.
5. Common Law: Common Law refers to the law in England. All England followed the same law, formed
over time by judges.
6. Parliament: Parliament was a group of men in England who made law.
7. King John: King John was an English King who was compelled to sign the Magna Carta.
8. Constitutionalism: Constitutionalism refers to attitudes and laws based on the idea that government
gets its power from, and is limited to, written laws.

Chapter 9: The Crusades
1. Crusades: The Crusades were wars Christian Europe fought against Turkish Muslims over the Holy Land
and the right to pilgrimage in the years 1095-1291.
2. Islam: Muhammad founded the religion of Islam in seventh century Arabia.
3. Holy Land: The Holy Land is an area of religious importance for Hebrews (Jews), Christians, and
Muslims.
4. The Silk Road: The Silk Road was a trade route running east and west across Asia.

Chapter 10: The Age of Exploration and Christopher Columbus
1. Renaissance: The Renaissance was a rebirth of classical Greek and Roman thought and art in Europe.
2. Age of Exploration: In the 1400s-1700s, Europeans explored and colonized much of the world.
3. Prince Henry the Navigator: This Portuguese Prince sponsored Europeans to explore and map the world.
4. Bartholomew Diaz: Diaz was the first to sail around the southern tip of Africa.
5. Vasco de Gama: Vasco de Gama was the first to sail to India and back to Portugal.
6. Christopher Columbus: Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who discovered America for Spain.
7. Reconquista: The Reconquista was a war where Christian Spaniards reconquered their country from
the Muslim Moors (c. 700 – 1492).
8. American Indians: American Indians are also known as Native Americans.
9. Polygamy: Polygamy is the practice of having more than one wife at the same time.
10. Columbus Day: Columbus Day is a federal holiday set aside to honor Columbus’ discovery of America.
 
Chapter 11: The Reformation and the Enlightenment

1. The Reformation: In the Reformation, the Catholic Christian Church split into the Catholic Church
   and various Protestant Churches.
   2. Martin Luther: Martin Luther was a German Catholic priest who began the Reformation in 1527,
   eventually establishing the Lutheran religion.
   3. Protestants: Protestants are Christians who protest against the Catholic Church.
   4. Protestant Work Ethic: The Protestant work ethic is a belief of Protestants that if a person works
   hard God will shower him with blessings.
   5. Religious freedom: In Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, colonists could practice any
   Christian religion they wanted. This is called religious freedom.
   6. Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was a European intellectual movement that emphasized the
   importance of reason and individualism.
   7. Natural Rights: Some philosophers argue that natural rights are those that God created each person
   with: the rights to life, liberty, and the right to private property.
   8. American Indians: American Indians are also known as Native Americans.
   9. Polygamy: Polygamy is the practice of having more than one wife at the same time.
   10. Columbus Day: Columbus Day is a federal holiday set aside to honor Columbus’ discovery of America.

 
Unit Three: European Colonization of America
Chapter 12: Native Americans
1. Native Americans: Native Americans can also be referred to as American Indians or Indians.
2. Woodland Indians: These Indians lived from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
3. Iroquois League: This was a confederation of Woodland Indian tribes.
4. Navajo: These were farmers of the Southwest.
5. Plains Indians: These lived on the American Plains, hunted buffalo, and lived in tipis.
 
Chapter 13: Spanish and French Colonies in America
1. Spanish Colonization: Spain colonized much of North and South America in the 1400s-1700s.
2. Spanish Thanksgiving in America: The first Spanish Thanksgiving in America was held in 1565.
3. Father Junipero Serra: Father Serra established Catholic missions in California in the late 1700s.
4. Jacques Cartier: Jacques Cartier explored Canada for France in the 1500s.
5. Father Isaac Jogues: Father Isaac Jogues was a French Catholic missionary to North America who
was murdered by the Mohawks in 1646.
6. Mississippi River Valley: The French claimed the Mississippi River Valley in 1682.
7. Samuel de Champlain: Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec for France.
8. Francisco Coronado: Francisco Coronado discovered the Grand Canyon for Spain.
 
Chapter 14: Founding of American Exceptionalism: Jamestown and Plymouth Plantation
1. Jamestown: Jamestown was the first successful English settlement in North America in 1607. It is
located in the colony of Virginia.
2. Plymouth Plantation: This was the English settlement in Massachusetts, founded in 1620.
3. London Company: The London Company, a corporation, established Jamestown. The London
Company became the Virginia Company.
4. The Starving Time: The Starving Time is when over 400 settlers died in 1609-1610 at Jamestown.
5. Pocahontas: Pocahontas was an Indian woman who lived near Jamestown. She married John Rolfe
and died of tuberculosis after visiting England.
6. Great Charter of Virginia: The Great Charter of Virginia allowed Jamestown settlers to have private
property. This right eventually saved the colony.
7. Tobacco: English settlers grew tobacco and sold it in Europe. Virginia became known as the
“Tobacco Colony.”
8. Pilgrims: Pilgrims are defined as people on a religious journey. The Pilgrims of America established
Plymouth Plantation for religious reasons.
9. Samoset and Squanto: Samoset and Squanto taught the Pilgrims farming techniques.
10. Thanksgiving: Pilgrims celebrated Thanksgiving to God in 1621. It is the first English Thanksgiving
in America.

Chapter 15: American Exceptionalism Takes Hold in the English Colonies

1. American Exceptionalism: American Exceptionalism means the unique characteristics of the
   American experience and people.
   2. Limited Government: Limited government means a government that accomplishes a minimum
   amount of activities and allows for maximum liberty for its citizens.
   3. Constitutionalism: Constitutionalism is the ideas, attitudes, and laws that limit the power of
   government to those expressly written.
   4. Religious Freedom: Religious freedom is the right to practice or not practice a faith and it was born
   in English colonial America.
   5. Private property: Private property is property that is owned by a person.
   6. Bacon’s Rebellion: In Bacon’s Rebellion, English colonists rebelled against the governor whom they saw as corrupt.
   7. English Bill of Rights: The English Bill of Rights was a 1689 document that listed the rights every
   Englishman enjoys.
   8. Log cabin: Log cabins were the first homes for English settlers in America.
   2. Beer: Colonists brewed and drank beer. One reason for this was to sanitize the water.
   3. Corn mush: Corn mush was a common colonial meal.
   4. Farmers: 90% of English colonists in the 1600s were farmers.
   5. Blue laws: Blue laws restricted activities on Sundays in honor of Christ.
   6. Southern Colonies: The southernmost colonists grew tobacco, lived in warmer temperature, and some owned slaves.
   7. New England Colonies: The northernmost colonists were small farmers, experienced colder winters,
   and saw the beginning of the American Revolution.
   8. Puritans: Puritans were Protestants from England who made up a “Mass Migration” to New England
   from 1620-1640.
   9. Middle Colonies: Middle Colonies were nicknamed the “bread colonies” because they had rich soil.
   10. Religious Freedom: Rhode Island, Maryland, New York and Pennsylvania had religious freedom.
   In the other colonies, colonists had to belong to a particular religion.

 
Chapter 17: Southern Colonies
1. Virginia: Virginia was the most populated colony and was the home of George Washington, Thomas
Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry.
2. Tobacco: Tobacco became the most important crop in many Southern colonies of the 1600s.
3. Climate in the South: Southern climate was hot and humid in the summer with mild winters.
4. The London Company: The London Company founded Virginia. It became the Virginia Company.
5. Lord Baltimore: Lord Baltimore established Maryland so Catholics and people of all faiths could
practice their religion.
6. Plantation: Plantations were large farms with slaves in the South.

Chapter 18: New England Colonies
1. Boston: Boston, Massachusetts was the site of many important events in the American Revolution.
2. Lexington and Concord: At the skirmish of Lexington and Concord in 1775, the American
Revolution started.
3. New England Climate: New England climate is cold, wet, and has four seasons.
4. Mill: A mill is a small factory run by water.
5. Massachusetts Bay Colony: The Pilgrims started the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the Puritans
became the predominant people of Massachusetts.
6. The Great Migration: In the Great Migration, more than 20,000 Puritans left England for
Massachusetts from 1629 to 1640.
7. Thomas Hooker: Thomas Hooker founded the colony of Connecticut.
8. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut limits the powers
of government and provides for balanced branches of government.
9. Bundling: Bundling was a Puritan dating ritual where the young man and young woman were sewn
inside separate bags and slept next to each other before approval was given for marriage.
10. Roger Williams: Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island.

Chapter 19: The Middle Colonies

1. The Bread Colonies: The Middle Colonies had extremely rich soil and were called the Bread Colonies.
   2. Northwest Passage: Europeans falsely believed there was a waterway through North America to the
   Pacific Ocean and called it the Northwest Passage.
   3. Henry Hudson: Henry Hudson explored North America. Hudson Bay is named after him.
   4. Charter of Liberties: The Charter of Liberties guaranteed citizens of New York certain rights.
   5. William Penn: William Penn founded Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanians had religious freedom.
   6. Keystone State: Pennsylvania became known as the Keystone State because it was in the middle of the Atlantic States.

 
Chapter 20: Early Indian Wars

1. Chief Opechankano: Chief Opechankano led the Indians in fighting the settlers at Jamestown.
   2. Pequot War: The Pequot War was fought between the Jamestown settlers and the Indians, 1634-1638.
   3. War Atrocity: A war atrocity is an act of terrible cruelty during war.
   4. Battle of Bloody Run: At the Battle of Bloody Run (1763), Indians defeated the British in Virginia.
   5. King Phillip’s War: King Phillip was the nickname the British gave to an Indian leader, and the colonists
   fought against him, 1675-1676.
   6. Nathaniel Bacon: Nathaniel Bacon was a Virginian who organized war parties against the Indians.
   
   

Unit IV The American Revolution
Chapter 21: Early Causes of the American Revolution
1. The Declaration of Independence: This document formally separated the 13 English colonies from
Great Britain and announced the birth of a new country, the United States of America.
2. The Great Awakening: This was a religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized Jesus
Christ and individual responsibility.
3. French and Indian War (1754-1763): The French and the Indians fought the British and the English
colonists for control over North America.
4. Major George Washington: This young English colonist fought in the French and Indian War.
5. King George III: King George III was King of Great Britain during the American Revolution.

Chapter 22: Land Regulation, Taxes, and Conflict
1. Proclamation of 1763: Great Britain forbade colonists to travel west of the Appalachian Mountains.
2. Daniel Boone: Boone fought in the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. He was an
explorer and adventurer who established a road for colonists, called the Wilderness Road, through the
Appalachian Mountains.
3. Navigation Acts: These were a series of British laws aimed at severely limiting Americans’ sailing and trading rights.
4. Stamp Act of 1765: The British forced Americans to pay a fee to get a stamp on every official document.
5. Patrick Henry: This representative in the Virginia House of Burgesses bravely stated, “Give me liberty,
or give me death.”
6. Quartering Act of 1765: This law forced Americans to house and feed British soldiers.
7. Committees of Correspondence: These were groups of colonial leaders who communicated with
each other to plan activities against the British.
8. The Boston Massacre: In 1770, British soldiers shot and killed five colonists in self-defense. Paul
Revere’s engraving made it look like a massacre.
9. The Boston Tea Party: In 1773, Bostonians dumped large amounts of tea into the harbor to avoid
paying British taxes on the tea.
10. Intolerable Acts: Great Britain passed the Coercive Acts in 1774 which took away Massachusetts’
self-government.

Chapter 23: Moving Toward War

1. First Continental Congress: In 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met for the first time in Philadelphia
   in Pennsylvania, boycotted British goods, and wrote King George III a letter asking him to rescind the
   Intolerable Acts.
   2. Patrick Henry: In the House of Burgesses in Virginia, Henry stated, “Give me liberty or give me death.”
   3. James Otis: James Otis’ words, “A man’s house is his castle,” and “No taxation without representation”
   would inspire many Americans to fight.
   4. John Lo >Federalists: The Federalists wanted a strong, federal government and favored the Constitution. John Jay,
   Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison were Federalists.
   2. Anti-Federalists: The Anti-Federalists were against the Constitution and wanted a weaker federal
   government and stronger state governments. Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Sam Adams, and James
   Monroe were Anti-Federalists.
   3. Bill of Rights: The Bill of Rights is a list of 10 individual and states’ rights the federal government can
   never infringe upon. They are the first ten amendments to the Constitution.
   4. The Federalist Papers: John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison wrote a series of essays to
   persuade Americans to adopt the Constitution.
   5. Faction: A faction is a group of people united by a single cause and they try to influence the government
   to agree with their cause. A faction is an interest group.
   6. Despotism: Despotism is another way of saying tyranny. Despotism is when the government totally
   controls its citizens and there is no freedom.
   7. Term limits: A term limit is a limit of how many times a politician can be elected to one office. The
   President has a term limit of two terms.
   8. Father of the Constitution: James Madison is the principal author of the Constitution.
   
   

Chapter 24: The Beginning of the American Revolution
1. Skirmish at Lexington and Concorde: The skirmish at Lexington and Concorde in 1775 (April 19th, 1775) was the first “battle” of the American Revolution. 
2. William Dawes and Paul Revere: The Americans who warned colonists the British army was approaching Lexington and Concorde were William Dawes and Paul Revere. 
3. George Washington: The Continental Congress commissioned George Washington as the Commander of the Continental Army.  
4. Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. This is the document that contains the ideals of the United States of America, lists the reasons it separated from Great Britain, proclaims the universal beliefs of the rights of the individual, and the role of God and government regarding these rights. It became official on July 4, 1776. 
 5. John Locke: John Locke was an English philosopher who wrote about natural rights--life, liberty, and the right to own private property. 
6. Battle of Trenton: At the Battle of Trenton in 1776 (December 26th, 1776), Washington led his army across the Delaware River on Christmas night and won the battle. 
7. Valley Forge: In the winter of 1777-1778, the Continental Army survived a tough winter and trained for war at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.  
8. Thomas Paine: Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense, a political tract that inspired Americans to fight Great Britain for independence.  
9. Captain John Paul Jones: Captain John Paul Jones was an American naval hero in the American Revolution. 
10. Benjamin Franklin: Benjamin Franklin was a multi-talented American who persuaded France to join the war against the British. 
​11. Battle of Yorktown: Washington led the Continental Army and worked with the French to capture the British Army at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781 in the last battle of the war. 

Chapter 25: The Declaration of Independence
1. The Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. This is the document that contains the ideals of the United States of America, lists the reasons it separated from Great Britain, proclaims the universal beliefs of the rights of the individual, and the role of God and government regarding these rights. It became official on July 4, 1776. 
2. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams: Franklin and Adams edited and revised the Declaration of Independence with Jefferson. 
3. Creator: In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson wrote that the “Creator,” or God, gave individuals their rights. The Founding Fathers believed that all people get their rights from God. 
4. Political Equality: This idea means that citizens have the same rights. It is an ideal expressed in the Declaration of Independence.  
5. Ideal: An ideal is an idea that individuals look to as a goal. In the Declaration of Independence, one ideal was for all people to have the same rights.  
6. Natural Rights: Englishman John Locke wrote about the “Natural Rights.” He wrote that God gave man the right to life, liberty, and private property. He wrote that government is created to protect these God-given rights. 
7. Private property: Private property is property owned by an individual. The American Founding Fathers established a government that recognized the right of citizens to own property.  

Chapter 26: Defeat, Surprise, and Survival
1. Battle of Long Island: At the Battle of Long Island (August 26, 1776), the British nearly completely destroyed the Continental Army, but Washington escaped with 3,000 soldiers. 
2. Battle of Trenton: At the Battle of Trenton (December 26, 1776), Washington led the Continental Army to cross the icy Delaware River and capture Trenton.  
3. Battle of Princeton: At the Battle of Princeton (January 3, 1777), The Americans beat the British.  
4. Battle of Brandywine and Battle of Germantown (1777): At the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, the British beat the Americans, and they captured Philadelphia.  
5. Winter at Valley Forge: During the winter of 1777-1778, the Continental Army stayed at Valley Forge, were underfed, ill-clothed, but managed to train and drill for war.  
6. Thomas Paine: Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense and The American Tract, two essays that inspired Americans to fight for freedom.  
7. John Paul Jones: John Paul Jones achieved heroic success as a captain in the American Revolution and is often called the Father of the American Navy.  
8. Battle of Saratoga: After the Americans won the Battle of Saratoga (1778), the French joined the war against the British. 
9. Battle of Yorktown: At the Battle of Yorktown (October 1781), the Americans and French beat the British in the last battle of the war.  
10. The Treaty of Paris: In the Treaty of Paris (1783) Great Britain acknowledged the United States of America as an independent country. 

Chapter 27: The Articles of Confederation: 1777-1789
1. Articles of Confederation: The Articles of Confederation established the first governing document of the United States of America, which lasted from 1777-1789. 
2. Congress in the Articles of Confederation: In the Articles of Confederation there was only one branch of government, Congress.  
3. 7 out of 13: In Congress under the Articles of Confederation, seven states out of thirteen had to agree to enact a law. 
4. 9 out of 13: Under the Articles of Confederation, nine states out of thirteen states had to agree to go to war or sign a treaty. 
5. 13 out of 13: Under the Articles of Confederation, thirteen states out of thirteen states were needed to agree to change the Articles of Confederation. 
6. Northwest Ordinance of 1787: The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established how the Northwest would be admitted into the U.S. It prohibited slavery. 
7. Southwest Ordinance of 1789: The Southwest Ordinance of 1789 established how the Southwest would be admitted into the U.S. It allowed slavery. 

Unit V: The Constitution
Chapter 28: Making of the Constitution
1. Federalists: Federalists wanted a stronger federal government and favored the adoption of Constitution. 2. Anti-Federalists: Anti-Federalists wanted a weaker federal government and wanted to continue with the Articles of Confederation. 
3. Constitutional Convention: The Constitutional Convention was a meeting where state delegates met and wrote the Constitution in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
4. Virginia Plan: James Madison proposed the Virginia Plan. It called for a three-branch government and with Congress to be democratically chosen. 
5. New Jersey Plan: William Paterson’s New Jersey Plan called for a three-branch government with Congress composed of one state per vote.  
6. Great Compromise: Roger Sherman’s Great Compromise called for two houses of Congress – one democratically chosen and one chosen by the state legislatures.  
7. 3/5 Compromise: In the Constitution, slavery remained and each slave counted as 3/5 of a person for representation in Congress. 
8. Bill of Rights: The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments, or changes, to the Constitution. They guarantee individual’s and states’ rights.  
9. Limited Government: Limited government is the principle that the federal government is limited and individuals and states retain great power. 
10. Checks and Balances: Checks and balances is the principle that each branch has over the other branches, so that one person or group of people could never become too powerful.
11. Federalism: Federalism is the principle where state governments exist alongside the federal government, and the state and federal governments have separate powers and duties. This is a protection against a tyrannical federal government. 
12. Republicanism: This principle means a country founded on the rule of law, rights of individuals, and the rights of citizens to choose their leaders 
 13. Separation of Powers: This principle means that each branch has powers so that not one person or group of people has all the power. 

Chapter 29: Principles of the Constitution
1. Men Are Not Angels: Men are not angels is a quote from James Madison which means that the Founding Fathers saw individuals as imperfect beings who would try to have as much power as possible. Because of this, the Constitution limits the power of government.   
2. Limited Government: Limited government means a government that cannot do everything. The Founding Fathers wanted the American government to protect life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 
3. Federalism: Federalism is the idea of two governments operating within one geographical area, with each government responsible for different duties.  
4. Republicanism: Republicanism is an idea where citizens choose leaders and everyone has to follow the law (rule of law).  
5. Separation of Powers: The Separation of Powers means when a government has different branches with separate and equal powers. This is to ensure that not one branch will become too powerful. 
6. Checks and Balances: Checks and Balances is an idea where each branch of government has powers over the other branches, so that each branch can make sure that not one branch becomes too powerful. 
7. Individual Rights: The American Founding Fathers thought that God gave individuals their rights. The role of the Constitution and the government is to protect these rights, and to never take them away. 
8. Sovereignty of the People: Sovereignty of the people means that individuals control their own lives, and that it is the people who create the government and give government power to rule. The people are superior over the government.   
​
 Chapter 30: Individual Rights
1. The First Amendment: The First Amendment guarantees individuals the rights to free speech, religious freedom, freedom of the press, and the right to assemble. 
2. Second Amendment: This is the right to bear arms. This right was meant to ensure Americans had the right to own guns and to have state militias that could be a counterweight to the country’s army.  
3. Third Amendment: Citizens cannot be forced to house and feed soldiers. This amendment was written to make sure what King George III decreed for the colonists would never again happen. 
4. Fourth Amendment: This provides for no unreasonable searches and seizures.  
5. Fifth Amendment: People cannot be forced to testify against themselves in court. 
6. Sixth Amendment: Citizens have the right to a speedy and public trial. 
7. Seventh Amendment: Citizens have the right to a jury trial in certain cases. 
8. Eighth Amendment: The federal government cannot impose excessive bail, fines, or cruel and unusual punishment. 
9. Ninth Amendment: Rights not listed in the Constitution are retained by the people. This means that just because a right may not be written in the Constitution does not mean that a person does not have that right. 
10. Tenth Amendment: All power not specifically given to the federal government in the Constitution is retained by the people or the states.  
11. The Bill of Rights: The Bill of Rights contain 10 basic rights of individuals and states and guarantees the federal government will never take away these rights. 

Unit VI. Era of the Founding Fathers, 1787-1825
Chapter 31: Ratification of the Constitution

1. Federalists: The Federalists wanted a strong, federal government and favored the Constitution. John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison were Federalists.   
​2. Anti-Federalists: The Anti-Federalists were against the Constitution and wanted a weaker federal government and stronger state governments. Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Sam Adams, and James Monroe were Anti-Federalists. 
3. Bill of Rights: The Bill of Rights are a list of 10 individual and states’ rights the federal government can never infringe upon. They are the first ten amendments to the Constitution. 
4. The Federalist Papers: John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison wrote a series of essays to persuade Americans to adopt the Constitution. 
5. Faction: A faction is a group of people united by a single cause and they try to influence the government to agree with their cause. A faction is an interest group. 
6. Despotism: Despotism is another way of saying tyranny. Despotism is when the government totally controls its citizens and there is no freedom. 
7. Term-limits: A term-limit is a limit of how many times a politician can be elected to one office. The President has a term-limit of two terms. 
8. Father of the Constitution: James Madison is the principal author of the Constitution.  
Chapter 32: The American People
1. 1790 population: 4,000,000
2. 1890 population: 70,000,000
3. Conestoga Wagon: Many Americans moved west in a Conestoga Wagon.
4. Slave Population: In the early 1800s, 1/7 of Americans were slaves.
5. Republican Party: This party wanted a limited, federal government and was led by Thomas Jefferson,
James Monroe, and James Madison.
6. Federalist Party: This party wanted a strong, federal government and was led by Alexander Hamilton,
John Adams, and John Marshall.
7. Sailboat: Travel by sailboat was the fastest means of travel in the early 1800s.

Chapter 33: Father of the Country
1. Washington Presidency: 1789-1787.
2. Cabinet: The Cabinet is a group of advisors to the President. Washington started this tradition.
3. Alexander Hamilton: Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury and promoted a strong, federal
government.
4. Thomas Jefferson: Jefferson was the first Secretary of State and wanted strong state governments.
5. Whiskey Rebellion: In the Whiskey Rebellion, Pennsylvania farmers revolted against a federal tax and
Washington suppressed the rebellion with 13,000 soldiers.
6. French Revolution: In 1789, the French removed the French King, beheaded him, and embarked on a
bloody and radical revolution that ended with the Napoleonic Wars.
7. Washington’s Farewell Address: Washington warned against political parties and against fighting in
foreign wars before the American military is ready.
8. Republicans: Republicans tended to be farmers, wanted a weaker navy and army, and tended to be
pro-slavery.
9. Federalists: Federalists wanted a stronger, central government, tended to be anti-slavery, and were
mainly merchants and bankers.
10. Debt: Debt is the amount of money government or people owe.

Chapter 34: Presidency of John Adams, 1797-1801
1. Quasi War: Great Britain and France waged naval war against the USA and the USA didn’t respond.
Quasi means “apparently but not really.”
2. Alien and Sedition Acts: The Alien and Sedition Acts were a number of laws that limited the free
speech of journalists and all Americans and made it harder to immigrate to the USA.
3. Election of 1800: Republican Thomas Jefferson beat Federalist John Adams, and it was the first time
that presidential power changed political parties peacefully in the world in over 1700 years.
4. John Adams’ Presidency: John Adams was President from 1797-1801.
 
Chapter 35: The Supreme Court, Judicial Review, and Capitalism
1. Judicial Review: This is the power the Supreme Court has to interpret a law and decide if it is constitutional or unconstitutional. Judicial review is not found in the Constitution.
2. Marbury v. Madison, 1803: In this Supreme Court decision, the Supreme Court gave itself the power of judicial review.
3. Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819: This Supreme Court decision established that a contract cannot be voided, and it helped establish capitalism, free enterprise, and open markets in America.
4. Capitalism: Capitalism is a set of principles and behavior of people based on the principles of individual and property rights.
5. Free Market: The free market is a place where individuals can buy and sell items or services, as each person thinks is best. It is an economy where each person chooses what to do with his money, time, and talent.
6. Intentions of the Founding Fathers regarding economy: The Founding Fathers wanted to create a society where individuals could pursue their interests and passions, and where a strong government, like a King, could not dictate to others.
7. Slavery and the Free Market: Slavery is an institution that goes directly against the free market, because slaves have no freedom what to do with their time and talent, and any money.
 
Chapter 36: Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
1. Shaking hands: Instead of bowing to others, as was the custom, Thomas Jefferson shook hands, to show that he was equal with others.
2. The Great Migration: The Great Migration was a mass movement of people to the west of the United States of America throughout the 1800s. The pace of migration sped up with Thomas Jefferson.
3. Louisiana Purchase: Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana from the French leader Napoleon, and it doubled the size of the U.S.A., in 1803.
4. Lewis and Clark Expedition: Jefferson commissioned Merriweather Lewis and William Clark to take military volunteers on an expedition through Louisiana to map new land, befriend Indian tribes and
announce the arrival of the U.S.A., explore trade possibilities, and find and log new animal and plant
species. The expedition lasted from 1804 to 1806.
5. Sacagawea: Sacagawea was the only female on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. She helped as a guide
and was a sign to Indians that this was not a military expedition.
6. Barbary War: From 1801 to 1805, Jefferson led the U.S.A. in a war against the Barbary Pirates, attacking
first and claiming victory against the Muslim pirates from Northern Africa.
7. Embargo Act of 1807: This act forbade Americans to trade with Great Britain or France and it greatly
hurt American businesses.

Chapter 37: Presidency of James Madison (1809-1817)
1. Non-intercourse Act (1809): The Non-intercourse Act made it legal to trade with everyone except France and Great Britain. Under Jefferson, it had been illegal for Americans to trade with other countries.
2. Macon’s Bill (1810): Macon’s Bill reduced trade restrictions against Americans.
3. Second Barbary War (1815-1816): In the Second Barbary War, America fought and won against the Barbary Pirates.
4. The War of 1812: The War of 1812 was a war against Great Britain that America won. It is nicknamed “The Second American Revolution” because if Great Britain would have won, the U.S.A. could have become a colony of Great Britain again.
5. The Battle of New Orleans (1815): The Battle of New Orleans was America’s greatest victory in the War of 1812.
6. General Andrew Jackson: Jackson led the Americans against the British at the Battle of New Orleans.
Americans nicknamed Jackson the “Hero of New Orleans.”
7. Commodore Perry: In the War of 1812, Commodore Perry defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Erie.
8. The Star-Spangled Banner: Francis Scott Key wrote this poem that became the lyrics to our national anthem.

Chapter 38: Era of Good Feelings
1. Laissez-faire: Laissez-faire is a French phrase which means a policy of hands off, limited government and minimal taxes. It was the economic policy of the United States government in the 1800s and it brought great economic growth.
2. James Monroe: Monroe was the last Founding Father as President and a traditionalist. He was the last President to wear his hair in a ponytail. He followed a policy of limited government.
3. Strict constructionist: A strict constructionist is a person who thinks the government only has power to do what is explicitly written in the Constitution. Monroe was a strict constructionist.
4. The Monroe Doctrine: In 1820, James Monroe issued a policy that forbade European countries the right to meddle in the affairs of Northern or Southern America.
5. Adams-Onis Treaty: In 1819, the U.S. bought Florida from Spain for $5 million.
 
Chapter 39: American Spirit and Industry in the Free North

1. Industrialists: Industrialists were men, like Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, and Levi Strauss, who worked hard and took risks to become successful businessmen.
   2. John Deere: John Deere developed some of the world’s finest farm products.
   3. Cyrus McCormick: Cyrus McCormick invented the McCormick mechanical reaper, which made it easier to cut grain crops.
   3. Eli Whitney: Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin, which made it easier to harvest cotton.
   4. Samuel F. B. Morse: Samuel F.B. Morse invented the wire telegraph, which made communication over long distances easier and faster.
   5. Erie Canal: The Erie Canal was an artificial river that connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and New York City.
   6. Cornelius Vanderbilt: Cornelius Vanderbilt used steam technology and business intelligence to cut travel time and travel cost on land and sea.

 
Chapter 40: Railroads, the Post Office, and the Politicization of New
1. Franking: Franking means the free postal privileges that American politicians enjoy.
2. Incumbent: An incumbent is an elected official. The word incumbent is often used when explaining that an official is running for office.
3. Postmaster: The Postmaster is the Head of the Post Office.
4. Baltimore to Ohio Line: In 1828, the Baltimore to Ohio railroad line was the first commercially successful railroad line in the country.
5. Transportation Revolution: In the 1800s, Americans revolutionized travel by steam technology and by business intelligence.
6. 1840 American Industry: By 1840, America led the world in ship building, iron manufacturing, publishing, and textile manufacturing.
7. The Pony Express: Between 1860 and 1861, Americans sent mail on the Pony Express, a system in which horse riders carried mail across much of the West.
 
Chapter 41: The Missouri Compromise
1. The Missouri Compromise:

1. Missouri entered as a slave state.
   b. Maine entered as a free state.
   c. Throughout the rest of the Louisiana Territory, there would be no slavery north of the parallel 36°30’, except within Missouri.

 
2. Fire bell in the night: This is a story where it is said Jefferson woke up and heard a fire bell in the night. It meant that Jefferson saw the slavery dilemma as if it were a fire, threatening to destroy everything.
 
Unit VII The Beginning of Big Government, 1825-1836
Chapter 42: The Election of 1824 and the Presidency of John Quincy Adams
1. Election of 1824: Andrew Jackson won more electoral and popular votes than any other candidate, but he did not win over 50% of either. The House of Representatives then chose John Quincy Adams the President.
2. Corrupt Bargain: Andrew Jackson claimed that John Quincy Adams made a deal with Speaker of the House Henry Clay: make Adams President and Clay would become Secretary of State.
3. 1825-1829: The Presidency of John Quincy Adams was very unpopular.
4. Popular Vote: The popular vote means the number of people who vote.
5. Electoral Vote: The electoral vote is determined by the number of people in a state. Electoral votes are votes by the states. A person needs to win the electoral vote to become President.
 
Chapter 43: The Age of Jackson, 1828-1836
1. Andrew Jackson and the Democrats: Jackson is the first President of the modern Democratic Party.
2. The Spoils System: The Spoils System refers to the practice of President Jackson giving his supporters jobs.
3. Jacksonian Democracy: During Jackson’s Presidency, voting rights spread to all adult white males. Before, a citizen had to own property to vote. This was an expansion of democracy.
4. Kitchen Cabinet: Jackson trusted a few loyal advisors, known as his Kitchen Cabinet, as if they met in the kitchen.
5. Cherokee Indians: Americans called the Cherokee the “civilized tribe” because they adopted Christianity, had a written language, and adopted Western ways.
6. Indian Removal Act: This 1830 law allowed the federal government to use force to help remove Indians only when they agreed to leave their land.
7. Trail of Tears: Presidents Jackson and Van Buren ordered the American military to forcefully remove. 20,000 Indians west of the Mississippi. Over 3,000 died on the forced march. Jackson and Van Buren violated the Constitution with these orders.
8. Internal Improvements: Jackson broke with tradition and spent more money on roads and harbors than all other Presidents combined.
9. Nullification Crisis: South Carolina wanted to nullify a law. Jackson threatened use of the military to force South Carolina to follow the law. A compromise was reached.
10. Jackson’s War on the Bank: Jackson wanted to replace the leadership of the U.S. Bank and worked to kill the U.S. Bank, which ended in 1836.
 
Unit VIII: Empire of Liberty or Manifest Destiny, 1836-1848
Chapter 44: Change in America: Industrialization, Religion, and Social Change
1. Empire of Liberty: Thomas Jefferson believed America was going to be an empire of liberty, with small farmers moving west for 1,000 years.
2. Manifest Destiny: Many European-Americans believed God gave them the right to conquer and inhabit the west so that America would spread to the Pacific Ocean.
3. Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution was a societal change in how people made a living.
Americans moved from being farmers to working in factories and living in cities.
4. Second Great Awakening: In this 1800s religious movement, Christian ministers urged Americans to
get closer to Jesus. Americans formed new Protestant Christian religions.
5. Standard of Living: The standard of living means the economic level most citizens live in. In the
1800s, the standard of living rapidly rose for most Americans.
6. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints: Known as Mormons, this new religion posited the idea that Jesus had visited America thousands of years ago.
7. Utopia: A utopia is an ideal of the perfect society.
 
Chapter 45: Education in Early American Through the Civil War
1. Apprentice: An apprentice was a boy who learned a trade by living in the household and working for a master tradesman for a number of years.
2. McGuffey’s Readers: These were a series of schoolbooks that taught academics and Christian morality for grades 1-6.
3. Classical Education: This educational approach among Americans focused on learning classical languages, reading great books, searching for the truth, and engaging in discussion.
4. Northwest Ordinance of 1787: This law encouraged religion and morality be taught as part of education in the Northwest territories. In the 1800s, Christian principles were taught in public universities.
5. Harvard University: Harvard was founded in 1636 as a university to train Christian ministers. Harvard is America’s oldest university.
6. Horace Mann: Mann was a leading spokesman for a publicly-funded educational system that taught academic, physical, and moral values that promote democracy.
7. 1852: In 1852, Massachusetts adopted a publicly-funded educational system. Afterward, each state established similar systems.

Chapter 46: The Southwest and the War for Texas Independence, (1835-1836)
1. Father Junipero Serra: Fr. Serra established Catholic missions for Spain in California.
2. 1821: In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain and California became a part of Mexico, which seized all Church properties.
3. War for Texas Independence: From 1835 to 1836, Texas fought Mexico for its independence.
4. Stephen Austin: Austin was Mexico’s director of American immigration to Texas.
5. Sam Houston: Houston led the Texan military to defeat Mexico and Houston became a President of Texas.
6. Santa Anna: Santa Anna was the dictator of Mexico and led the Mexican Army to defeat in the Texas War for Independence.
7. Remember the Alamo: Texans would say “Remember the Alamo” to inspire each other to fight Mexico for independence.
8. Massacre at Goliad: The Mexican Army shot or clubbed and knifed to death c. 445 Texan prisoners of war.
9. Battle of San Jacinto: Texans defeated Santa Anna at this battle. Santa Anna signed a peace treaty that established Texas as a republic, with the Rio Grande River as the border between Texas and Mexico.
10. The Republic of Texas: From 1836 to 1845, Texas was an independent country.

Chapter 47: Presidencies of Van Buren (1837-1841), Harrison (1841), and Tyler (1841-1845)
1. Martin Van Buren: Martin Van Buren was the architect of the modern Democratic Party and Presidentfrom 1837 to 1841.
2. Panic of 1837: The Panic of 1837 was an economic depression.
3. William Henry Harrison: Harrison was President in 1841 for one month, caught pneumonia, and died.
4. Battle of Tippecanoe: General Harrison defeated the Shawnee Indians in 1811 at the Battle of Tippecanoe and became a war hero.
5. John Tyler: Tyler served as President from 1841 to 1845.

Chapter 48: Presidency of Polk (1845-1849) and the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
1. James K. Polk: Polk, a Democrat, served as President from 1845 to 1849.
2. Annex: To annex means when a country acquires territory without going to war.
3. Annexation of Texas: In 1845, the U.S.A. annexed Texas.
4. Rio Grande River: Santa Anna signed a peace treaty with Texas in 1836 designating the Rio Grande as the border between the two countries. Mexico recognized the Nueces River as the border, not the Rio
Grande.
5. Conscript: A conscript is a person who is forced to join the military through the draft.
6. Gringo: Gringo is a pejorative that Americans were called during the Mexican-American War.
7. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: In 1848, Mexico and the U.S.A. signed a peace treaty. America paid Mexico $15 million, and America claimed the Southwest (land that would become Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and California, and the disputed land in Texas).

CHAPTER 49: The California Gold Rush and the Oregon Trail
1. John Marshall: While working at Sutter’s Mill outside of Sacramento, California, John Marshall discovered a large nugget of gold in 1848. That started the California Gold Rush.
2. ‘49ers: In 1849, at least 100,000 men rushed into California searching for gold. These men were nicknamed “The 49ers.”
3. Cape Horn: Cape Horn is at the southern tip of South America. Many 49ers came to California by sailing around Cape Horn.
4. The Oregon Trail: Beginning in Independence, Missouri and ending at the Pacific Ocean, the Oregon Trail was used by hundreds of thousands of Americans to move west.
5. Oregon Treaty: The Oregon Treaty (1846) established the Canadian-American border.

Unit IX: Sectionalism 
Chapter 50: The South
1. Gulf Coast and Coastal Plains: These areas were hot, humid, and flat. Plantations were located here.
2. Appalachian Mountains: The Appalachian Mountains run north and south from Canada to north-central Alabama.
3. Mississippi Delta: This area, from Memphis, Tennessee to Mississippi, provided rich cotton farmland.
4. Antebellum South: Antebellum South means Pre-war South.
5. Planters: Planters were 1% of the South’s population and owned plantations.
6. Slaves: Slaves made up 33% of the South’s Antebellum population.
7. George Fitzhugh: This American believed that nearly all should be slaves because it would free people from making decisions. The elite should make decisions.
8. Eli Whitney: Whitney invented the Cotton Gin, a machine that made it easier and more profitable to harvest cotton.
9. Cotton Kingdom: This became one nickname of the South because so much cotton was grown in the South.
10. Spirituals: Many slaves sang spirituals, songs inspired by the Gospel.
11. Population in the South in 1860: c. 5.8 million free people, c. 3.2 million slaves.
 
Chapter 51: The North
1. Northeast: The Northeast has warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. It is hilly and rocky.
2. The Midwest: The Midwest has ample forests, the Great Lakes, and thousands of lakes and rivers.
3. The Erie Canal: The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and eventually to New York City.
4. Capitalism in the North: In the North, capitalism enabled individuals to improve their lives and create the world’s strongest economy.
5. Industrial Revolution in the North: In the North, many moved from farms to the cities for better jobs and more opportunities.
6. Robert Fulton: Fulton established one of the first steamboat transportation systems.
7. 1860 Population in the North: 22 million.
8. Cornelius Vanderbilt: Vanderbilt used technology and business skills to make ocean travel less expensive and faster.
9. Five Points Neighborhood: Five Points Neighborhood was a dangerous area in New York City.
10. Mills: Mills were small factories powered by running water. Many were located in the North.

Chapter 52: Life in the West
1. Frontier: The frontier was the area just beyond American civilization. In the 1800s, the frontier continually moved west.
2. Fur Trappers: Fur trappers hunted for animals with fur, such as beaver, fox, deer, and bear.
3. Jedediah Strong Smith: Smith was a mountain man who mapped much of the West.
4. Davy Crockett: Crockett was a frontiersman, volunteer soldier, state representative, and soldier who was killed at the Battle of the Alamo.
5. Conestoga Wagon: Pioneer families went by Conestoga Wagon to the west.
6. Mountain Men: Mountain men explored, mapped, and hunted animal pelts in the west before pioneer families moved west.
7. Comanche Indians: Comanche Indians are a Native American people who occupied the southern Plains.
 
Chapter 53: Immigration

1. Capitalism: In capitalism, individuals have great freedom how to make and spend money and how to buy property. Many immigrants moved to America because of capitalism.
   2. Slaves: In 1860, somewhere between 3.2 million and 3.8 million slaves were in America.
   3. E Pluribus Unum: One of America’s mottos, E Pluribus Unum, means, “From many, we are one.” This means that many nationalities come to America, but in the new land, everyone becomes one people, Americans.
   4. Immigrants: An immigrant is someone who permanently leaves his home to live in another land, and usually, eventually becomes a citizen.
   5. Potato Famine: In Ireland in the 1840s, potatoes were diseased, and the English did not send food or help to Ireland. Over 1 million died and 2 million moved to America.
   6. Tammany Hall: Tammany Hall was a Democratic political machine in New York City. Corrupt Democratic politicians paid off people to win their votes.
   7. Revolutions of 1848: The European revolutions of 1848 drove many Germans and central Europeans to move to America.

Unit X: The Slavery Crisis Becomes Violent, 1848-1860
Chapter 54: Political Instability and the End of Westward Expansion
1. Popular Sovereignty: Popular sovereignty meant that each state would decide to be a free or a slave state.
2. Martin Van Buren: Martin Van Buren founded the Democratic Party and the Free Soil Party.
3. The Compromise of 1850:
a. California entered as a free state.
b. Citizens of the future Utah and New Mexico would decide by popular sovereignty if they would be free or slave.
c. Texas western border was agreed upon.
d. The slave trade was eliminated in Washington, D.C.
e. A stronger Fugitive Slave Law forced Northerners to capture and return runaway slaves.
 
Chapter 55: The Decade Preceding the Civil War
1. Harriet Beecher Stowe: Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel against slavery.
2. Kansas-Nebraska Act: The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) stated that Kansans and Nebraskans would vote if their states would become free or slave.
3. Bleeding Kansas: Before Kansans voted if the state would be free or slave, anti-slavery forces fought against pro-slavery forces.
4. John Brown: John Brown was a radical abolitionist who led men to kill pro-slavery individuals.
5. Senator Charles Sumner: South Carolina Democrat Congressman Preston Brooks beat Republican Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner because Sumner gave an impassioned anti-slavery speech.
6. Dred Scott decision: The Supreme Court decided that slaves were slaves not only in Southern states, but throughout all the territories, as well.
7. Harper’s Ferry: In 1859, John Brown led a small army and broke into a federal arsenal and tried to lead an assault of slaves against their masters in the South. Brown was caught and executed.
 
Chapter 56: Abraham Lincoln
1. Lincoln’s opinion on the morality of slavery: Lincoln thought that slavery was a moral evil.
2. Lincoln’s opinion on slavery in the U.S.A. before the election: Lincoln didn’t want slavery to expand.
3. Abraham Lincoln’s Youth: Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President, he lived 1809 – 1865, he was born in Kentucky, moved to Indiana at the age of 9, and moved to Illinois at the age of 21.
4. Lincoln’s profession: Lincoln was a lawyer.
5. Lincoln’s religious views: Lincoln became a Christian but was not in a particular denomination.
6. Lincoln’s family: Lincoln married Mary Todd, had four sons, three who died before turning 19.
7. Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Campaigning for Illinois Senator, Lincoln became well known as an anti-slavery candidate with morals during the Lincoln-Douglas Debates.
 
Unit XI: The Civil War
Chapter 57: The Election of 1860
a. Southern Democrat John C. Breckenridge: Breckinridge favored a national law enforcing slavery.
b. Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas: Douglas wanted popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery issue.
c. Constitutional Unionist John Bell: Bell favored slavery, but did not demand a national law enforcing slavery.
d. Republican Abraham Lincoln: Lincoln viewed slavery as immoral and was against its expansion.
e. Results: Lincoln won the electoral vote, and Republicans won a majority in the Senate and House of Representatives.

Chapter 58: Secession and the Confederate States of America
1. Secession: Secession means to leave the United States of America. The Southern states seceded
after Lincoln’s election.
2. The Confederate States of America: Eleven Southern states seceded from the United States of
America and formed The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.).
3. Slavery and Race: Each Southern state’s secession document declared that secession was necessary
to protect slavery.
4. Jefferson Davis: Davis was the President of the C.S.A.
5. States’ Rights: States’ Rights refers to the idea that each state has rights over the federal government.

Chapter 59: Fort Sumter and the War on Paper
1. Fort Sumter: On April 12th and April 13th, the South attacked the North on the island of Fort Sumter, South Carolina. This was the first battle of the Civil War.
2. Rebellion: Lincoln called the conflict the “rebellion” and never the “civil war.”
3. 1860 Population: In 1860, there were 22 million Northerners and 9 million Southerners. 3.2 million of Southerners were slaves.
4. Gatling Gun: The Gatling Gun is a rapid-fire weapon, the forerunner of the machine gun.
5. Robert E. Lee: Lee was the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, and the South’s main military leader.
6. Anaconda Plan: The North’s initial strategy was to control the Mississippi River, blockade the South on the Gulf Coast and Southern coast, and to squeeze the South. This was called the Anaconda Plan.
7. Hard War: The North modified its original war strategy to execute a two-front war and to wage war on much of the Southern population.
8. King Cotton: The South believed that Great Britain and France needed Southern cotton so much that they would assist the South in defeating the U.S.A.
9. Attack and Die: The South lost many more soldiers in the war than the North.
10. Commander-in-Chief: President Lincoln was an able Commander-in-Chief for the North and Jefferson Davis was an incompetent one for the South.
11. Ulysses S. Grant: Grant eventually become the General-in-Chief of the North’s armies, after Lincoln had hired and demoted a number of generals who had failed at the position.
 
Chapter 60: Bull Run and the Beginning of the War
1. Battle of Bull Run: On July 16, 1861, the South won.
2. Richmond, Virginia: Richmond was the capital of the C.S.A.
3. Washington, D.C: Washington, D.C. is the capital of the U.S.A.
4. Stonewall Jackson: Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was a Confederate commander in the Civil War.
5. Blockade: The North blockaded the South during the war. This means that Northern ships did not allow
Southern ships to leave or enter the C.S.A.
6. Monitor v. Merrimack: The Monitor and the Merrimack were two iron-plated ships that faced each
other in battle. In the future, all modern navies had ships with metal sides.

Chapter 61: Growth of Government
1. GNP: Gross National Product is the sum of everything the country produces.
2. Pork-Barrel Legislation: Pork-barrel legislation means laws that Congressmen pass to get reelected.
3. National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864: These two laws monopolized money, taxed income, sold
bonds, instituted paper money, created a national banking system, and grew the federal government.

Chapter 62: The Emancipation Proclamation
1. Emancipation: Emancipation means the freeing of someone from slavery.
2. Emancipation Proclamation: On January 1, 1863, the Emancipation roclamation took effect. It freed the slaves in the rebelling states.
3. Battle of Antietam: At the Battle of Antietam in Maryland, General McClellan defeated General Lee, and over 24,000 were killed or wounded. After the Battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
4. Sabotage: Sabotage means when someone destroys something. After the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves committed more acts of sabotage.
 
Chapter 63: Hard War
1. Battle of Fredericksburg: In December 1862, 78,000 Southern troops defeated 122,000 Northerners at
Fredericksburg, Virginia. General Lee defeated General Burnside.
2. Battle of Chancellorsville: In April and May 1863, 60,000 Southern troops defeated 133,000 Northern
troops in Chancellorsville, Virginia. General Lee defeated General Hooker.
3. Battle of Gettysburg: In July 1863, 104,000 Northern troops defeated 75,000 Southern troops. General
Meade defeated General Lee in the most consequential battle of the war. The Battle of Gettysburg is called the “high water mark of the South” because after this battle, the South receded.
4. Colonel Chamberlain’s Bayonet Charge: Running out of ammunition, Union Colonel Chamberlain
led a successful bayonet charge against the South at the Battle of Gettysburg.
5. Pickett’s Charge: On the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg, General Pickett’s 15,000 men suffered
great casualties as they marched across a mile-long grass field to fight the Northern soldiers.
6. The Gettysburg Address: Abraham Lincoln’s address honored the dead soldiers of Gettysburg and in-
spired Americans to fight so that a “government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish
from the earth.”
7. General Grant in the West: General Grant had successes at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, the Battle of
Shiloh, and at Vicksburg. Lincoln named Grant the General-in-Chief of the Union Armies in 1863.

Chapter 64: Unconditional Surrender Grant and Lincoln’s Reelection
1. Civil War Casualties: In the Civil War, over 620,000 were killed and 800,000 were wounded.
2. Election of 1864: In 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. McClellan wanted to end the war and let the Confederate States of America form. Lincoln and the Republicans wanted to defeat the South and end slavery in the South. Lincoln and the Republicans won
the election.
3. Copperheads: Copperheads were Northern Democrats who promoted Confederate successes and sabotaged the U.S.A.
4. Radical Republicans: Radical Republicans wanted to end slavery in the entire country immediately.
5. Conscription: Conscription is when the government forces men to fight as soldiers. A synonym for conscription is the draft.
6. General Phillip Sheridan: Northern General Sheridan destroyed Southern forces in the Shenandoah Valley.
7. General William Tecumseh Sherman: Northern General Sherman led his soldiers on a “march to the sea,” where his army burned a path 60 miles wide through Georgia.
 
Chapter 65: The End of the War and Lincoln’s Assassination
 
Chapter 65: Winners, Losers, and Lasting Changes

The Story of Liberty

1. The Fertile Crescent

---

2. The Greeks

---

3. The Romans

---

4. Western Civilization

---

5. The Age of Barbarians...See Medieval Lessons
6. Civilizing Europe....See Medieval Lessons
7. Foundation of European Kingdoms...See ML
8. Development of Liberty in Medieval Kingdoms...See ML
9. The Crusades....See ML

10. The Age of Exploration and Christopher Columbus

11. The Reformation and the Englightenment

12. Native Americans

---

13. Spanish and French Colonies in America

---

14. Jamestown and Plymouth Plantation

---

15. American Exceptionalism

---

16. Commonalities of Life in the English Colonies

---

17. Southern Colonies

18. New England Colonies

19. The Middle Colonies

20. Early Indian Wars

21. Early Causes of the American Revolution

22. Land Regulation, Taxes, and Conflict

23. Moving Toward War

24. Beginning of the American Revolution

25. The Declaration of Independence

26. Defeat, Surprise, and Survival

27. The Articles of Confederation

28. Making the Constitution

29. Principles of the Constitution

30. Individual Rights

31. Ratification of the Constitution

32. The American People

33. Father of the Country

34. Presidency of John Adams, 1797-1801

35. Judicial Branch, Judicial Review, and Capitalism

36. Presidency of Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809